Ethnicity Chapter 7 An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein Chapter 7 Ethnicity PPT by Abe Goldman

Distribution of Ethnicities How do you differentiate between ethnicity and race? Race in the United States Division by race in South Africa How are the ethnicities in the United States concentrated? Clustering of ethnicities African American migration patterns

Essential Definitions Race- Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor Scientifically impossible to accurately classify globally Rejected by geographers as a way to organize spatial patterns Ethnicity- Identity with a group of people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland Accepted by geographers as a way to organize spatial patterns because of its strong association with places Nation- Group of people w/ common characteristics Nearly synonymous with ethnicity Cherokee Nation Nationality- identity with a group of people that share legal attachment & allegiance to a homeland Similar to Citizenship Nationalism- loyalty & devotion to a nationality (country) Similar to Patriotism

How have races (Black & White) been historically separated in the U.S.? Separate But Equal Doctrine- (1896) also known as “Jim Crow” laws, they legally divided blacks and whites in public places so long as accommodations were equal Restrictive Covenants- in some places/cities, they made it illegal to sell property to certain groups of people like Blacks, Catholics, and Jews Brown v. Board of Edu. Of Topeka, Kansas- (1954) overturned “separate but equal” and forced schools to desegregate “White Flight”- the emigration of whites from an area in anticipation of Blacks immigrating into the area A product of desegregation Blockbusting- when real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their houses at low prices, preying on their fears that black families would soon be moving into the area and property values would decline

How have races been divided in South Africa? Apartheid- the system of racial segregation in S. Africa under the Dutch/Afrikaner Nationalist Party from 1948-1991 It accounts for the physical separation of races in South Africa during the period and beyond

Black “Homelands” in South Africa Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

How are the ethnicities in the United States concentrated? African American is clustered in the Southeast and northern cities. Hispanic American is clustered in the Southwest and northern cities. Asian American is clustered in the West and Hawaii. American Indian is clustered in the Southwest, Plains, and Alaska.

African Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

Asian Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

Native Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

Ethnicities in Chicago Neighborhood Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

Ethnicities in Los Angeles Neighborhoods Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

What are the notable African American Immigration Patterns? 1. Forced immigration Africa –U.S. 2. Rural South to Industrial North 3. Expansion of the Ghetto in U.S. cities.

Triangular Slave Trade and African Source Areas Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

African American Migration in the U.S. Fig. 7-8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

African Americans in Baltimore Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.