Impact of Nocturia on Sleep and Energy Tim Schneider, Neil Stanley  European Urology Supplements  Volume 6, Issue 9, Pages 585-593 (April 2007) DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2007.01.004 Copyright © 2007 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Impact of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) on bladder physiology and function. BPH is frequently associated with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), which gives rise to an increase in bladder weight, neoangiogenesis, and progressive detrusor decompensation and a decrease in bladder function and compliance. European Urology Supplements 2007 6, 585-593DOI: (10.1016/j.eursup.2007.01.004) Copyright © 2007 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the cycling of the human sleep stages at early adulthood (A) and old age (B). A normal sleep pattern consists of different non–rapid-eye-movement (nREM) stages (1–4), which are followed by REM sleep. During the night there is an increase in REM sleep with a corresponding decrease in stage 4 sleep. The sleep pattern of elderly is further characterised by a decrease in stage 4 sleep and an increase in REM sleep and the amount of nocturnal awakenings. European Urology Supplements 2007 6, 585-593DOI: (10.1016/j.eursup.2007.01.004) Copyright © 2007 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) showed a significant decrease in the percentage of slow wave sleep (SWS; p=0.006) (A) and a significant increase in the percentage of Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO; p=0.02) compared to the control group (B) [47]. European Urology Supplements 2007 6, 585-593DOI: (10.1016/j.eursup.2007.01.004) Copyright © 2007 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Vicious circle in which chronic pain leads to nocturnal awakenings that impair the restorative deep slow wave sleep. This not only gives rise to an increased daytime sleepiness and fatigue but also to an increase in severity of pain sensation. QoL=quality of life; SWS=slow wave sleep. European Urology Supplements 2007 6, 585-593DOI: (10.1016/j.eursup.2007.01.004) Copyright © 2007 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions