Unit 3.1: Chemical Reactions Sections: 1.6, 3.7-3.10, 6.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.  Permission required for reproduction or display.

Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass mass – measure of the quantity of matter SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg) 1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g weight – force that gravity exerts on an object weight = c x mass on earth, c = 1.0 on moon, c ~ 0.1 A 1 kg bar will weigh 1 kg on earth 0.1 kg on moon

Physical Properties An extensive property of a material depends upon how much matter is being considered. mass length volume An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how much matter is being considered. density temperature color

Chemical Properties A chemical property describes the interaction of a substance with its surroundings (ability or inability) heat of combustion Enthalpy of formation Toxicity Chemical stability flammability

Types of Changes A physical change does not alter the composition or identity of a substance. ice melting sugar dissolving in water A chemical change alters the composition or identity of the substance(s) involved. hydrogen burns in air to form water

3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction. A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction: reactants products 3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

How to “Read” Chemical Equations 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO 2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO 2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO 48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO NOT 2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO

Balancing Chemical Equations Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation. Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts. 2C2H6 NOT C4H12

Balancing Chemical Equations Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one product. C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O 1 carbon on right 2 carbon on left multiply CO2 by 2 C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O 6 hydrogen on left 2 hydrogen on right multiply H2O by 3 C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

Balancing Chemical Equations Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products. multiply O2 by 7 2 C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 2 oxygen on left 4 oxygen (2x2) + 3 oxygen (3x1) = 7 oxygen on right C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 7 2 remove fraction multiply both sides by 2 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

Balancing Chemical Equations Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation. 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O 4 C (2 x 2) 4 C 12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2) 14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6) Reactants Products 4 C 12 H 14 O

3.12 When aluminum metal is exposed to air, a protective layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) forms on its surface. This layer prevents further reaction between aluminum and oxygen, and it is the reason that aluminum beverage cans do not corrode. [In the case of iron, the rust, or iron(III) oxide, that forms is too porous to protect the iron metal underneath, so rusting continues.] Write a balanced equation for the formation of Al2O3. An atomic scale image of aluminum oxide.

Amounts of Reactants and Products Write balanced chemical equation Convert quantities of known substances into moles Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the sought quantity Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units

3.13 The food we eat is degraded, or broken down, in our bodies to provide energy for growth and function. A general overall equation for this very complex process represents the degradation of glucose (C6H12O6) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O): If 856 g of C6H12O6 is consumed by a person over a certain period, what is the mass of CO2 produced?

3.14 All alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas and the corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. A typical reaction is that between lithium and water: How many grams of Li are needed to produce 9.89 g of H2? Lithium reacting with water to produce hydrogen gas.

Limiting Reagent: Reactant used up first in the reaction. 2NO + O2 2NO2 NO is the limiting reagent O2 is the excess reagent 16

3.15 Urea [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide: In one process, 637.2 g of NH3 are treated with 1142 g of CO2. (a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent? (b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed. (c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?

Reaction Yield Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagent reacted. Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction. % Yield = Actual Yield Theoretical Yield x 100%

3.17 Titanium is a strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal that is used in rockets, aircraft, jet engines, and bicycle frames. It is prepared by the reaction of titanium(IV) chloride with molten magnesium between 950°C and 1150°C: In a certain industrial operation 3.54 × 107 g of TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13 × 107 g of Mg. Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti in grams. Calculate the percent yield if 7.91 × 106 g of Ti are actually obtained.

The surroundings include everything not in the system. The system is the specific part of the universe that is of interest in the study. open closed isolated Exchange: mass & energy energy nothing

Exothermic process is any process that gives off heat – transfers thermal energy from the system to the surroundings. 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) + energy H2O (g) H2O (l) + energy Endothermic process is any process in which heat has to be supplied to the system from the surroundings. energy + 2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g) energy + H2O (s) H2O (l)

Schematic of Exothermic and Endothermic Processes