 starter activity Leninism means the ideas of Lenin. Around the picture of Lenin list his key ideas. Why is it so difficult to define what Lenin believed in?

What divided the Communist Party in the 1920s?  Key words: ideology v policy triumvirate v duumvirate What divided the Communist Party in the 1920s?  Learning objectives TBAT explain the different visions of communism within the Communist Party

Left or Right? What are the characteristics of left and right wing politics? How can you be on the right wing of the Communist Party?

Study history – card sort LW versus RW What do you understand about the differences between these ideologies? (Complete the w/s)

Ideological differences Read Bunce p20-1 and note down what each wing of the party believed in. Trotsky Zinoviev Kamenev Stalin Bukharin Centre Left Wing Right Wing

Left wing of Communist Party Right wing of Communist Party  Your task Read p.20-1 (Bunce) and complete a table similar to the one below. Jot down examples of ideas and individuals. Take notes on what characterised those in the centre of the Party Left wing of Communist Party Right wing of Communist Party

Two wings of Communist Party Left Wing Individuals like Zinoviev, Kamenev Liked Trotsky but didn’t want a dictatorship Liked traditional Bolshevik ideals Suspicious of NEP & return of capitalism ‘Permanent Revolution’ Right Wing Individuals like Bukharin Liked NEP Liked industrialisation & expansion of Russian economy Socialism on one country

 Your task Where did party members stand on key areas of debate? Complete the table your teacher provides. Read the conclusion on p.24 and note the reasons why ideology mattered. Which do you think is the most important explanation?

 Your task In the light of your research into the key issues of the leadership contest, which of the candidates do you now think was most likely to succeed? Write a short judgement paragraph explaining your reasons using detailed, factual evidence.

NEP and industrialisation Disagreement over when & how to end NEP experiment Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev (left): end NEP, militarisation of labour, forced requistioning of grain Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky (right): continue NEP, develop consumer economy to encourage manufacturing industry

NEP and industrialisation Consensus on need to industrialise Concern over negative effects of NEP – rich superclass, property dealing, land speculation, gambling, prostitution Arguments over next stage of NEP High unemployment Wages out of step with price increases Reemergence of food shortages Peasants beginning to hoard produce again

‘Permanent Revolution’ versus ‘Socialism in One Country’ Hard-line Communism – militarisation of labour, collective farming etc Trotsky Needed international support -world Communist revolution required Socialism in one country Moderate Communism – flexible response to USSR’s needs Stalin Nationalist appeal

Nature of leadership Collective leadership or rule by committee Reversal of centralisation process of Civil War Fear of dictatorship Fear of Trotsky (Commander of Red Army, Commissar for War) Need for a moderate candidate To what extent were Russians justified in thinking there might be a dictatorship?

Stalin with his wife Nadya Party Secretary Controlled business of Politburo (policy making body of Communist Party) Controlled agendas & discussions Controlled information sent out to party members Stalin with his wife Nadya

Positions in Orgburo & Secretariat Orgburo (Party administration department) Controlled appointments within Party Placed supporters in key positions Made appointments & dispensed favours to regional party secretaries

Control of Party Organisation Controlled selection of party delegates to annual congresses where policy decided and Central Committee chosen Deliberately chose delegates hostile to opponents, e.g. Trotsky (1924 congress) Stalin’s position attracted powerful supporters, e.g. Zinoviev & Kamenev

Control of Party Membership Purged party of radical elements, e.g. students & soldiers Supervised ‘Lenin Enrolment’ (1924/5) doubling membership to 1 million New membership were non-ideological & poorly educated, drawn to Stalin’s nationalist policies

 Your task Create a timeline showing achievements and set backs. Mark on the timeline any points at which his career might have been stopped when Lenin was alive or during the power struggle. Successes Failures