Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and thyroid hormone receptors are involved in human endometrial physiology  Lusine Aghajanova, M.D., Ph.D., Anneli Stavreus-Evers, Ph.D., Maria Lindeberg, Ph.D., Britt-Marie Landgren, M.D., Ph.D., Lottie Skjöldebrand Sparre, M.D., Outi Hovatta, M.D., Ph.D.  Fertility and Sterility  Volume 95, Issue 1, Pages 230-237.e2 (January 2011) DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.079 Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Immunostaining of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1), TRα2, and TRβ1 in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle and scanning electron microscopy of endometrial surface. Distribution of TSHR in human endometrium: (A) Immunostaining of proliferative phase endometrium. (E) Early secretory endometrium. (I) Midsecretory endometrium. (M) Late secretory endometrium. Distribution of TRα1: (A) Immunostaining of proliferative phase endometrium. (F) Early secretory endometrium. (J) Midsecretory endometrium. (N) Late secretory endometrium. Distribution of TRβ1 in human endometrium: (C) Immunostaining of proliferative phase endometrium. (G) Early secretory endometrium. (K) Midsecretory endometrium. (O) Late secretory endometrium. (Q) Nonimmune control for TSHR staining with nonimmune IgG. (R) Nonimmune control for TRα1 staining. (S) Nonimmune control for TRβ1. (Magnification ×40.) Scanning electron microscopy shows the endometrial surface during the following phases: (D) Proliferative phase. (H) Early secretory phase. (L) Midsecretory phase (formation of pinopodes, indicated by arrows). (P) Late secretory phase. (Magnification ×2,000.) (T) Western blot analysis of immunoreactive bands for TSHR, TRα1, TRα2, and TRβ1 proteins. (P) Proliferative phase endometrium. (E) Early secretory phase. (M) Midsecretory phase. (L) Late secretory phase endometrium. Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 230-237.e2DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.079) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 (A) Thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1), TRα2, TRβ1, and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle, n = 3 in each phase. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal standard. P, proliferative phase endometrium; E, early secretory phase; M, midsecretory phase; and L, late secretory phase endometrium. ∗For TRα1 and TRα2, statistically significant difference between M and all other phases: P≤.004. (For TRβ1, there was a statistically significant difference between a and b [P=.001], and ab does not differ from either a or b.) For TSHR mRNA, P=.05 between M and P. (B) Relative expression of type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO1), DIO2, and DIO3 mRNA in normal endometrial tissue biopsy throughout the menstrual cycle, n = 3 in each phase. P, proliferative phase endometrium; E, early secretory phase; M, midsecretory phase; and L, late secretory phase endometrium. (C) Deiodinases mRNA expression in endometrial stromal cells, n = 3. (D) Deiodinases mRNA expression in Ishkiawa cells, n = 3 in triplicates. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean; P≤.05 was considered statistically significant. Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 230-237.e2DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.079) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), LIF receptor (LIFR), glycoprotein 130 (gp130), suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) in human endometrial stromal cells and Ishikawa cells treated with and without thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyroxin (T4) for 24 and 48 hours, expressed as fold change to respective time control. P≤.05 was considered statistically significant. Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 230-237.e2DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.079) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions