© 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Ch. 26 – Other Punctuation © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Opening Activity Form contractions with the following word pairs. Be sure to use apostrophes correctly. Example: does not  doesn’t could not she would I will cannot should not

Answers Form contractions with the following word pairs. Be sure to use apostrophes correctly. couldn’t she’d I’ll can’t shouldn’t

Learning Outcomes for the Chapter By the time you finish reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to: Correctly recognize and use LO1 Apostrophes for Contractions and Possessives L02 Semicolons and Colons L03 Hyphens L04 Dashes

Contractions and Possessives Contraction - word formed by joining two words, leaving out one or more letters (indicated by an apostrophe). they’re (they are) class of ‘09 (class of 2009) can’t (cannot) Possessives Form possessives of singular nouns by adding an apostrophe and an s. Mark’s skateboard The dog’s pillow

Contractions and Possessives Singular Noun ending in s (one syllable) Form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s. the boss’s office the bus’s tires Singular Noun ending in s (two or more syllables) Form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s—or by adding just an apostrophe. Texas’s lakes or Texas’ lakes

Contractions and Possessives Plural Noun ending in s Form the possessive by adding just an apostrophe. the Avantes’ kitchen the rabbits’ carrots Plural Noun not ending in s Form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s. the clown’s props the children’s snacks

Semicolons and Colons Semicolon - a punctuation mark (;) that connects sentences and separates items in some series Use the semicolon to join two sentences that are closely related. The night is growing dark; I need to find my flashlight. The flashlight’s batteries are running low; I’m going to have to run to the store for more batteries.

Semicolons and Colons Use a semi-colon before a conjunctive adverb Often, the second sentence will begin with a conjunctive adverb (also, besides, however, instead, meanwhile, therefore), which signals the relationship between the sentences. Place a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb, and place a comma after it. I planned to go out with Michel on Friday night; however, at the last minute he said he had to work.

Semicolons and Colons Use a semi-colon with a series Use a semicolon to separate items in a series if any of the items already include commas. The seafood pot pie requires grilled Gulf Coast Shrimp; a flaky, tender crust; and a smooth, gravy base. Colon - a punctuation mark (:) that introduces an example or list and has other special uses Use a colon to introduce an example or a list My professor told us how to succeed on the exam: read, study, and study some more.

Semicolons and Colons Use a colon after salutations Dear Senator Clintox: To: Abdullah Armovar Use a colon with times and ratios Use a colon to separate hours, minutes, and seconds. Also use a colon between the numbers in a ratio. 8:01 a.m. The ratio of beef to gravy is 3:1.

Hyphens Hyphen - a short, horizontal line (-) used to form compound words Use hyphens to create compound nouns. father-in-law one-liner Use hyphens to create compound adjectives that appear before the noun peer-reviewed article ready-made solution

Hyphens Use hyphens for compound numbers from twenty- one to ninety-nine thirty-one eighty-eight Use a hyphen to join a letter to a word that follows it. T-shirt R-rated L-bracket

Hyphens Use hyphens to show that two or more words share a common element included in only the final term. Student loans are available to low-, middle-, and high-income students.

Dashes Dash - long horizontal line that separates words, creating emphasis. Use a dash instead of a colon if you want to emphasize a word, phrase, clause, or series. Neatness—it’s a must in this chaotic world. Use a dash to set off a series of items. Cleaning, vacuuming, sweeping—any type cleaning can work-up a sweat.

Dashes Use a dash to set off explanations, examples, and definitions, especially when these elements already include commas. Neatness—which not everyone values—requires some organizational skills. Use a dash to show that a speaker has been interrupted or has started and stopped while speaking. “I know I could keep the apartment neater—um—if I want to clean every weekend.”

Closing Activity Correct the following sentences by adding semi- colons and commas as needed. Jumping out of a plane was so thrilling however I don’t know if I want to do it again. The jump instructor strapped to my back in tandem style was a little brusque I wished someone else was instructing me. The gear was so heavy I carried the red corded backpack the folded white parachute and the small back-up parachute.

Answers Correct the following sentences by adding semi- colons and commas as needed. Jumping out of a plane was so thrilling; however, I don’t know if I want to do it again. The jump instructor strapped to my back in tandem style was a little brusque; I wished someone else was instructing me. The gear was so heavy; I carried the red corded backpack; the folded white parachute; and the small back-up parachute.