Joining Grammar Forces Advanced C1 – C2

Emphasis – Emphatic Forms Practice - Testing

Emphatic forms = the devices used to stress certain terms in a sentence & achieve effects.

There are 3 main categories of Emphasis & many individual cases. CASE I: All other terms, and the interrogative verb CASE II: i) the Positive Verb, ii) the Negative Verb CASE III: the Place Adverbs/ Adverbials (& certain onomatopoeic verbs)

EMPHATIC CASE I Practice - Testing

a) How do we emphasise all the other terms in a sentence except the verb? It is/ was/ will be + emphasised term + who (for person-subjects) OR that + remaining sentence

b) Can we also emphasise the interrogative verb with this form? Yes. e.g. Was it in the afternoon that … ? When was it that … ?

c) What other forms are there that emphasise various syntactic terms? Noun clauses with ‘what’ & ‘all’.

d.i) Name some special (emphatic) adjectives & (some of) their nouns. very sheer sole mere bare ultimate utmost utter considerable substantial

d. ii) Name some special (emphatic) adverbs & (some of) their adj d.ii) Name some special (emphatic) adverbs & (some of) their adj.’s & verbs. Emphatic Adverbs most absolutely utterly merely solely

e) Are there any other techniques we can use to add emphasis? Yes. Repetition Articles Individual adverbs & adverb phrases

EMPHATIC CASE II Practice - Testing

i) How do we emphasise the Positive Verb? do/ does/ did + positive verb + infinitive Only possible in the Present Simple & Past Simple Tenses as well as in the Positive Imperative.

ii.a) How do we emphasise the Negative Verb? negative word/ phrase + auxiliary verb + subject i.e. inversion with negative words/ phrases in front position.

ii.b) Which are the negative words/ phrases that are ‘fronted’ to emphasise their verb? not only…but (also)… not (even) once… never (before)… on no account… nowhere (else)… in no way… no sooner…than… on no occasion… neither…nor… in/under no circumstances…

ii.c) Does this inversion rule apply in any other cases? Yes. 1. Restrictive adverbs: only, rarely/ seldom, hardly/ scarcely … when, little 2. Result Clauses: so + adj./ adv. (in front pos.) + auxiliary verb + subject + clause OR such + auxiliary verb + subject + clause 3. Conditional Special Cases & Emphatic Forms: should/ were (to)/ had 4. Short Responses: so + auxiliary verb + subject OR Neither/ Nor + auxiliary verb + subject

EMPHATIC CASE III Practice - Testing

How do we emphasise the Place/ Motion references in a sentence? motion prep/ adverbs & adverbials of place + main verb + subject + rest of the sentence In this case, inversion is not always necessary.

What are the syntactic terms we normally find this emphatic case with? 1. Place adverbs: here & there (when the subject is a noun/ proper name) 2. Prepositions/ adverbs of motion: up, down, into, etc 3. Place adverbials: at the top/ bottom, in the middle, etc 4. Onomatopoeic verbs: splash, bang, pop, beep, boom, etc (mainly used with ‘go’)

The Passive Voice CANNOT be considered an emphatic form. Right answer: It CAN because it emphasises the verb & shifts the focus of the sentence.

Name two isolated examples of emphatic adj.’s & adv.’s. many & well

Name other forms that can be considered emphatic cases. emphatic comparative & superlative adverbs qualifying extreme adj.’s the formal Concessive construction & as