Biochemistry Ch. 6-3: The Role of Carbon

Carbon Compounds All life organisms are made up of Carbon Organic Molecules Organisms consist mostly of which atoms? Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Chemistry of Carbon Carbon has how many bonds? How many valence electrons does carbon have? Carbon can bond to 4 other molecules Carbon can form a single, double, or triple bond

Carbohydrates Contain – Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio a. monosaccharide - one sugar (monomer) b. disaccharide - two sugars (dimer) c. polysaccharide - composed of many monosaccharide subunits. (polymer)

What are Carbs used for? Uses – Energy, Structure, Signals These monomers usually form a ring structure, especially in water. Examples: Glucose and Fructose C6H12O6 C6H12O6

Carbohydrates What do you notice about glucose and fructose? They have the same number of atoms but they are in a different arrangement. They are called isomers The condensation/combination of two monosaccharides is called a disaccharide. Example - Sucrose

Carbohydrates The largest carbohydrates are starches (polymers)

Carbohydrates The reaction that breaks down complex molecules – reverse condensation is called hydrolysis. We have an enzyme in our body to do this process Amylase (found in saliva) New Study in sleep deprivation

Starch VS. Cellulose We can break down starches, but our body cannot break down cellulose.

Tests for Carbohydrates Monosac-charides (glucose) Disaccha-rides (sucrose) Polysac- charides (starch) Iodine No Change Turns Black Bene-dicts Sol. & Heat Color changes Blue to Orange

Test Results Simple Sugar Test w/ Benedicts Solution -From Blue to Orange is a positive test Starch Test w/ Iodine -Black is a positive test

Lipids Lipids contain: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen EX – Fats, Phospholipids, waxes, sterols “Steroids”

All lipids are insoluble in water Oils: liquid at room temp. (plants) Fats: solid at room temp. (animals)

Lipids Used for long-term energy storage, structural molecules, and signaling molecules Found in the cell membrane Basic Structures Tail and Head

Test for Fats TEST FAT NOT A FAT Brown Paper Paper Changes (transparent) Dries the same Water Solution They separate They Mix

Test Results for Fats Water and lipids don’t mix Water evaporates from paper; Lipids don’t Alcohol Emulsion Video

Proteins Proteins contain: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen Ex. – Eggs, seeds, hair, and meat Made up of basic monomers : Amino Acids (aa) Held together by Peptide Bonds These are used by living organisms for: Enzymes, structures, transport, and signaling

Amino Acids (aa) Each aa is going to contain two distinct groups Carboxylic Acid Group – COOH Amino Group – NH2 20 different types of amino acids

Protein Structure Through a series of dehydration reactions, aa are joined into a chain to form a protein. A special bond is formed Peptide Bond Polypeptide – polymer of aa

Protein Structure When you have two aa together Three or more aa Dipeptide Three or more aa Polypeptide

Proteins Other molecules can be attached to proteins DENATURATION Glycoproteins and Lipoproteins DENATURATION Is the breaking down of molecules

Test for Proteins TEST PROTEIN NOT A PROTEIN NITRIC ACID YELLOW NO COLOR CHANGE BIURET SOLUTION VIOLET NO COLOR CHANGE (stays blue)

Test Results for Proteins Protein Test w/ Biuret Solution -from blue to violet is a positive test

Nucleic Acids All instructions for cellular activity are in the Nucleic Acids Two kinds of Nucleic Acids DNA RNA

What makes them up? Nucleotides - Complex monomers

Enzymes A chemical that speeds up a reaction is called: Catalyst Proteins that do this process are called: Enzymes Ex. – Sucrase, Amylase, Lactase

Carbon Compounds All life organisms are made up of Carbon (Organic Molecules) 4 elements that make up more than 96% of the mass of a humans Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Chemistry of Carbon Carbon has how many bonds? How many valence electrons does carbon have? Carbon can bond to 4 other molecules Carbon is ALWAYS the central atom Carbon can form a single, double, or triple bond

Functional Groups of Carbon A chain of carbon and hydrogen is called a hydrocarbon. Just C and H ex. Methane, Ocatane There is ENERGY in these bonds!!! Do you recognize the molecules?

Other important carbon based functional groups: Hydroxyl (Alcohol) Group: OH Carboxyl Group: COOH Amino Group: NH2 or NH3

Hydroxyl –OH organic compounds with OH = alcohols names typically end in -ol Ethanol, methanol

Carboxyl -Carboxylic Acids –COOH C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group compounds with COOH = acids fatty acids amino acids

Amino -NH2 N attached to 2 H compounds with NH2 = amines amnio acids NH2 acts as base ammonia picks up H+ from solution

Important construction terms Monomer : a molecule that is building block for something larger Dimer : two monomer stuck together Polymer : more than two monomers stuck together Dehyrdation/Condensation : Pulling water out of two molecules so as to bind them together Hydrolysis : Adding water to a molecule to break it apart

Diagrams Draw the following molecules: C2H5OH CCl4 CO2 CH3COOH