Ch. 6 – Molecular Structure

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Presentation transcript:

Ch. 6 – Molecular Structure II. Molecular Geometry

A. VSEPR Theory Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory Electron pairs orient themselves so that valence electrons are as far apart as possible

Lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs!!! A. VSEPR Theory Types of e- Pairs Bonding pairs - form bonds Lone pairs - nonbonding e- Lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs!!!

A. VSEPR Theory Lone pairs reduce the bond angle between atoms.

B. Determining Molecular Shape Draw the Lewis Diagram. Count up e- pairs on central atom. double/triple bonds = ONE pair Shape is determined by the # of bonding pairs and lone pairs. Know the 8 common shapes & their bond angles!

C. Common Molecular Shapes 2 total electron pairs *2 bonding pairs *0 lone pairs Note: Beryllium does not follow the octet rule. Beryllium is complete with 4 valence electrons BeH2 LINEAR 180°

C. Common Molecular Shapes 3 total electron pairs *3 bonding pairs *0 lone pairs BF3 TRIGONAL PLANAR 120° Note: Boron is also an exception to the octet rule. Boron is complete with 6 valence electrons

C. Common Molecular Shapes 3 total pairs *2 bonding pairs *1 lone pair SO2 BENT <120°

C. Common Molecular Shapes 4 total pairs *4 bonding pairs *0 lone pairs CH4 TETRAHEDRAL 109.5°

C. Common Molecular Shapes 4 total pairs *3 bonding pairs *1 lone pair NH3 TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL 107°

C. Common Molecular Shapes 4 total pairs *2 bonding pairs *2 lone pairs H2O BENT 104.5°

C. Common Molecular Shapes 5 total pairs *5 bonding pairs *0 lone PCl5 TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL 120°/90°

C. Common Molecular Shapes 6 total pairs *6 bonding pairs *0 lone pairs SF6 OCTAHEDRAL 90°

D. Examples F P F F PF3 4 total 3 bond 1 lone TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL 107°

D. Examples O C O CO2 2 total 2 bonding pairs 0 lone LINEAR 180°

III. Molecular Polarity Molecular Structure III. Molecular Polarity

+ - A. Dipole Moment H Cl Direction of the polar bond in a molecule. Arrow points toward the more electronegative atom. H Cl + -

B. Determining Molecular Polarity Depends on: dipole moments molecular shape

B. Determining Molecular Polarity Nonpolar Molecules Dipole moments are symmetrical and cancel out. BF3 F B

B. Determining Molecular Polarity Polar Molecules Dipole moments are asymmetrical and don’t cancel . H2O H O net dipole moment

B. Determining Molecular Polarity Therefore, polar molecules have... asymmetrical shape (lone pairs) or asymmetrical atoms CHCl3 H Cl net dipole moment