AIM: HOW DID BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION INSPIRE THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT?

How would you define the term “separate but equal”?

Aim: How did Brown vs. Board of Education set the standard for the fight for equality? Key Terms: Plessy v. Ferguson The Southern Manifesto Jim Crow Laws Little Rock Nine Executive Order Elizabeth Eckford Emmett Till NAACP Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas Essential Questions: How does education play a role in challenging and changing society? How were African Americans discriminated in the U.S. during the 1950s? How did the Brown v. BE case overturn Plessey v. Ferguson?

Brown v. Board of Education I May 17, 1954 We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.... Such considerations apply with added force to children in grade and high schools. To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.... Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

First Amendment (1791) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Fourteenth Amendment (1868) §1 Fourteenth Amendment (1868) §1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any laws which shall abridge (reduce) the privileges of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny any person the equal protection of the laws.

NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People This organization formed in 1909 by W.E.B. DuBois, Mary White Ovington, and Moorfield Storey to increase justice for African Americans. Members worked to fight segregation, and the head of their legal Department, Thurgood Marshall was a lawyer in the Brown vs. Board of Education case.

Brown v. Board of Education II May 31, 1955 “Linda Brown was denied admission to her local elementary school in Topeka because she was black. Her suit reached the Supreme Court, and the Court overruled (rejected) the “separate but equal” policy of the Plessy case. For the first time, the Court held that segregation in the public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court declared in 1955 that schools must be desegregated “with all deliberate speed.”

Chief Justice Earl Warren: Verdict overruling Plessey vs. Ferguson “Today, education is the most important function of state and local governments. An opportunity for education, is a right, which must be made available to all on equal terms. We conclude that in the field of education the policy of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs have been deprived of equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.” How does education play a role in challenging and changing society?

Brown v. Board of Education– A Happy Ending?

Reaction to Brown: The Southern Manifesto March 12, 1956 “We regard the decisions of the Supreme Court in the school cases as a clear abuse of judicial power...The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. This exercise of power by the Court, is creating chaos and confusion in the States affected by it. It is destroying the relations between the white and Negro races. We praise those States that have resisted…We pledge ourselves to reverse this decision.”

Little Rock Nine: Continued Discrimination against African-Americans

President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Executive Order The Little Rock Nine President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Executive Order (September 24, 1957) Executive Order: a rule or order issued by the president to enforce a law. “I, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States, command all persons engaged in obstruction of justice to cease (stop) and desist (discontinue), and to disperse.” 1) What was the purpose of Eisenhower’s Executive Order? 2) When does the President have the right to issue executive orders?  

Emmett Till

The Southern Manifesto March 12, 1956 We regard the decisions of the Supreme Court in the school cases as a clear abuse of judicial power.... The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding.... We reaffirm our reliance on the Constitution as the fundamental law of the land. We decry the Supreme Court's encroachment on the rights reserved to the States and to the people, contrary to established law, and to the Constitution. We commend the motives of those States which have declared the intention to resist forced integration by any lawful means.... We pledge ourselves to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation.

Brown v. Board of Education II May 31, 1955 While giving weight to these public and private considerations, the courts will require that the defendants make a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance with our May 17, 1954, ruling. Once such a start has been made, the courts may find that additional time is necessary to carry out the ruling in an effective manner.... To that end, the courts may consider problems related to administration, arising from the physical condition of the school plant, the school transportation system, personnel, revision of school districts and attendance areas into compact units to achieve a system of determining admission to the public schools on a nonracial basis, and revision of local laws and regulations which may be necessary in solving the foregoing problems.... The...cases are remanded to the District Courts to take such proceedings and enter such orders and decrees consistent with this opinion as are necessary and proper to admit to public schools on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed the parties to these cases.