Which one is the Proper Fault Location Method ? Typical Cable Faults Unbalance Strongly changing fault resistance Insulation faults Flooded cable Recommended Fault Location Method Disturbing voltage ▼ Murray Küpmüller 3-Point (a-b) Repeated Küpfmüller Capacitive unbalance Resistance difference Low level Constant level Intermittent low level Intermittent Sensitive Sensitive Sensitive Sensitive Sensitive Sensitive Protected Protected Protected Protected Protected Protected Sensitive Sensitive Sensitive Protected Protected Protected To learn more click on the selected method! ELEKTR NIKA

Disturbers ELEKTR NIKA The expected disturbing voltage depends on: A.) The function of neighboring pairs in the cable  Intermittent disturbing voltages are expected if the neighboring pairs are used for POTS  DC disturbing voltage is expected if the neighboring pairs are used only for ISDN    No disturbing voltage is expected if the neighboring pairs are used only for data transfer B.) The distance to electrical railway    High disturbing AC voltage is expected if the  cable is very close to the track  Low disturbing AC voltage is expected if the  cable is fare enough from the track ELEKTR NIKA

Murray Method in Sensitive mode Recommended when: ■ only one wire of a pair is faulty ■ the level of disturbing voltages are low The Murray method consists of 2 measurements:   ■ Measurement of disturbing voltages   ■ Bridge measurement with strap on the far end  ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 2 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The result of Murray measurement is: Lx/L In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:   ■ RL loop resistance   ■ FaE insulation resistance   ■ Rx resistance to fault ■ Lx distance to fault The conditions of accurate results are:  ■ Ia and Ib < 450 uA  ■ Ф wire a=Ф wire b  ■ FbE>1000 x FaE  ■ FbE>10 MOhm If the disturbing voltages overload the input repeat the measurement in Protected mode ELEKTR NIKA

Murray Method in Protected mode Recommended when: ■ only one wire of a pair is faulty ■ the disturbing voltages are not intermittent The Murray method consists of 2 measurements:   ■ Measurement of disturbing voltages   ■ Bridge measurement with strap on the far end  ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 2 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The result of Murray measurement is: Lx/L In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:   ■ RL loop resistance   ■ FaE insulation resistance   ■ Rx resistance to fault ■ Lx distance to fault The conditions of accurate results are:  ■ Ia and Ib < 7 mA  ■ Ф wire a=Ф wire b  ■ FbE>1000 x FaE  ■ FbE>10 MOhm ELEKTR NIKA

Küpfmüller Method in Sensitive mode Recommended when: ■ booth wires of a pair are faulty ■ the level of disturbing voltages are low The Küpfmüller method consists of 2 measurements:   ■ First measurement with open far end   ■ Second measurement with strap on the far end  ELQ 30A+ calculates the Lx/L value from the results of the two measurements The far end can be automatically closed and open with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The result of Küpfmüller measurement is: Lx/L In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:   ■ RL loop resistance   ■ FaE and FbE insulation resistances   ■ Rx resistance to fault ■ Lx distance to fault The conditions of accurate results are:  ■ Ia and Ib < 450 uA  ■ Ф wire a=Ф wire b  ■ 0,5>FaE / FbE>2  ■ FaE + FbE>100 x R loop If the disturbing voltages overload the input repeat the measurement in Protected mode ELEKTR NIKA

Küpfmüller Method in Protected mode Recommended when: ■ booth wires of a pair are faulty ■ the disturbing voltages are not intermittent The Küpfmüller method consists of 2 measurements:   ■ First measurement with open far end   ■ Second measurement with closed loop  ELQ 30A+ calculates the Lx/L value from the results of the two measurements The far end can be automatically closed and open with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The result of Küpfmüller measurement is: Lx/L In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:   ■ RL loop resistance   ■ FaE and FbE insulation resistances   ■ Rx resistance to fault ■ Lx distance to fault The conditions of accurate results are:  ■ Ia and Ib < 7 mA  ■ Ф wire a=Ф wire b  ■ 0,5>FaE / FbE>2  ■ FaE + FbE>100 x R loop ELEKTR NIKA

Repeated Küpfmüller Method in Sensitive mode Recommended when: ■ The level disturbing voltages are low ■ The fault resistances are strongly changing That method is a sequence of repeated Küpfmüller measurements consisting of 15 part measurements alternating : ■ 8 measurements with open loop (L) ■ 7 measurements with closed loop (K) The far end is automatically closed/open with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The Lx/L results are displayed in two columns and a histogram When the sequence is completed ELQ 30A+ selects the acceptable Lx/L results and calculates the average of the accepted results. The unacceptable results are omitted and marked with asterisks. ELEKTR NIKA

Repeated Küpfmüller Method in Protected mode Recommended when: ■ The disturbing voltages are intermittent ■ The fault resistances are strongly changing That method is a sequence of repeated Küpfmüller measurements consisting of 15 part measurements alternating : ■ 8 measurements with open loop (L) ■ 7 measurements with closed loop (K) The far end is automatically closed/open with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The Lx/L results are displayed in two columns and a histogram When the sequence is completed ELQ 30A+ selects the acceptable Lx/L results and calculates the average of the accepted results. The unacceptable results are omitted and marked with asterisks. ELEKTR NIKA

3-Point (a-b) Method in Sensitive mode Recommended when: ■ the insulation between wires and ground is good ■ the insulation resistance between wires a and b is low ■ some healthy pairs are available ■ the level of disturbing voltages are low Faulty pair FaE Healthy auxiliary wires The 3-Point method consists of 3 measurements:   ■ First measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire a   ■ Second measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to the ground   ■ Third measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire c ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 3 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The result of 3 Point measurement is: Lx/L In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:   ■ RL loop resistance   ■ FaE insulation resistance   ■ Rx resistance to fault ■ Lx distance to fault The conditions of accurate results:  ■ Ia and Ib < 450 uA ■ The insulation resistance of auxiliary wires must be thousand time as high than that of the faulty one.   If the disturbing voltages overload the input repeat the measurement in Protected mode ELEKTR NIKA

3-Point (a-b) Method in Protected mode Recommended when: ■ the insulation between wires and ground is good ■ the insulation resistance between wires a and b is low ■ some healthy pairs are available ■ the disturbing voltages are not intermittent Faulty pair FaE Healthy auxiliary wires The 3-Point method consists of 3 measurements:   ■ First measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire a   ■ Second measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to the ground   ■ Third measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire c ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 3 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The result of 3 Point measurement is: Lx/L In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:   ■ RL loop resistance   ■ FaE insulation resistance   ■ Rx resistance to fault ■ Lx distance to fault The conditions of accurate results:  ■ Ia and Ib < 7 mA ■ The insulation resistance of auxiliary wires must be thousand time as high than that of the faulty one.   ELEKTR NIKA

3-Point Method in Sensitive mode Recommended when: ■ the gauge of wires in a pair are different ■ some healthy pairs are available ■ the level of disturbing voltages are low Faulty wire FaE Healthy auxiliary wires The 3-Point method consists of 3 measurements:   ■ First measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire a   ■ Second measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to the ground   ■ Third measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire c ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 3 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The result of 3 Point measurement is: Lx/L In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:   ■ RL loop resistance   ■ FaE insulation resistance   ■ Rx resistance to fault ■ Lx distance to fault The conditions of accurate results:  ■ Ia and Ib < 450 uA ■ The insulation resistance of auxiliary wires must be thousand time as high than that of the faulty one.   If the disturbing voltages overload the input repeat the measurement in Protected mode ELEKTR NIKA

3-Point Method in Protected mode Recommended when: ■ the gauge of wires in a pair are different ■ some healthy pairs are available ■ the disturbing voltages are not intermittent Faulty wire FaE Healthy auxiliary wires The 3-Point method consists of 3 measurements:   ■ First measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire a   ■ Second measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to the ground   ■ Third measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire c ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 3 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 The result of 3 Point measurement is: Lx/L In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:   ■ RL loop resistance   ■ FaE insulation resistance   ■ Rx resistance to fault ■ Lx distance to fault The conditions of accurate results:  ■ Ia and Ib < 7 mA ■ The insulation resistance of auxiliary wires must be thousand time as high than that of the faulty one.   ELEKTR NIKA

Resistance Difference Measurement in Sensitive mode Recommended when: ■ the balance of the tested pair is poor ■ the level of disturbing voltages are low ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 ELQ 30A+ provides the following results:  ■ Ra and Rb wire resistances ■ RL loop resistance   ■ Δ R resistance difference   ■ % The condition of accurate results is: Ia and Ib < 450 uA  If the disturbing voltages overload the input repeat the measurement in Protected mode ELEKTR NIKA

Resistance Difference Measurement in Protected mode Recommended when: ■ the balance of the tested pair is poor ■ the level of disturbing voltages are high ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30 ELQ 30A+ provides the following results: ■ Ra and Rb wire resistances ■ RL loop resistance   ■ Δ R resistance difference   ■ % The condition of accurate results is:  Ia and Ib < 7 mA  That condition is practically always fulfilled. ELEKTR NIKA

Capacitance Unbalance Measurement in Sensitive mode Recommended when: ■ the balance of the tested pair is poor ■ the level of disturbing voltages are low ELQ 30A+ provides the following results: ■ Lx/L ■ CaE and CbE wire capacitances   ■ Δ C capacitance difference in nF   ■ Δ % capacitance difference in % The condition of accurate results is: Ia and Ib < 450 uA  If the disturbing voltages overload the input repeat the measurement in Protected mode ELEKTR NIKA

Capacitance Unbalance Measurement in Protected mode Recommended when: ■ the balance of the tested pair is poor ■ the level of disturbing voltages are high ELQ 30A+ provides the following results: ■ Lx/L ■ CaE and CbE wire capacitances   ■ Δ C capacitance difference in nF   ■ Δ % capacitance difference in % The condition of accurate results is: Ia and Ib < 7 mA  That condition is practically always fulfilled. ELEKTR NIKA

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