Fundamentals of federalism Rajendra Adhikari, Director of Studies

Session Outline Concept of federalism Principles of federalism Federalism in Nepal Opportunities and challenges Service delivery in federal context: Opportunities, challenges and way forward rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Concept of federalism Federalism is a type of government in which the power is divided between the national government and other governmental units. Federalism contrasts with a unitary government, in which a central authority holds the power, and a confederation, a more or less permanent union of states with some or most political power vested in a central authority. https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/american-government/federalism/concepts-of- federalism rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Concept of federalism State organization: A flexible form of state organisation with only very few aspects are predetermined. Shift in power paradigm: state power in the hands of many (lower orders) instead of in the hand of few (at center). Pragmatic (doing what works best) but not idealistic (things happen with otmost perfection) rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Models of federalism The classical Model: Confederation & Federation by aggregation New federation Model: Unitary State to Federal State (federation by disaggregation) rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Principles of Federalism Basically 2 principles: Coming together (Federation by aggregation) Independent or autonomous states, entities coming together to form a more robust and powerful federation. USA, Switzerland (& EU) are the examples. Holding together (federation by de-aggregation) Restructuring the unitary form of a nation into several states/provinces and distributing governance authority. India, Belgium, Spain and Nepal the examples. In addition "Principle of Diversity Management" is also taken as principle of federalism. rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Definition "Federal political systems" is a political systems in which there are two (or more) levels of government, and with combining elements of shared-rule and self-rule through the constituent/sub-national units." Ronald Watts (1929-2015) Canadian academic, who served as the 15th Principal and Vice-chancellor of Queen's University from 1974 until 1984. In more simpler terms it is a combination of shared rule (for common purposes), and sub-national/local self rule (for specific purposes). rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Deciding on Federalism Constitutional Guarantee Self-rule Definition of Federal Units (Provinces/Local Level) Internal Organisation of Federal Units Distribution of Powers Resources Interaction Concurrent/shared Powers Fiscal equalisation Coordination & Control Dispute Resolution mechanisms Shared Rule Political institutions at national and sub-national level (representation) rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Federal Units The state units having the right to self-rule and shared rule rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Federalism in Nepal Declared as a Democratic Federal Republic by the Interim Costitution-2063 BS (4th amendment- 2065/2/16, 29 May 2008). Federal constitution promulgated on 03 Ashoj 2072 BS (20 Sept 2015) rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Federalism in Nepal Declared as a Democratic Federal Republic by the Interim Costitution-2063 BS (4th amendment-2065/2/16, 29 May 2008). Federal constitution promulgated on 03 Ashoj 2072 BS (20 Sept 2015) rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Criteria or bases of defining federal units A. Identity: Ethnicity/community (जातीय/समुदायगत) Language (भाषिक) Culture (सांस्कृतिक) Historical continuity (ऐतिहासिक निरन्तरता) Geographic continuity (भौगोलिक/क्षेत्रगत निरन्तरता) rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Criteria or bases of defining federal units B. Capability: Economic inter-dependence/capability (आर्थिक अन्तरसम्बन्ध र सामर्थ्य) Status of infrastructures and their viability (पूर्वाधार विकासको अवस्था र सम्भावना) Availability of natural resource (प्राकृतिक साधन र स्रोतको उपलब्धता) Administrative accessibility (प्रशासनिक सुगमता) rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Why is federal system felt necessary in Nepal? Address the diversity— multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and multi-cultural aspect of the society within the state; Balance in development— healthy, sound competitive and proportional development of all the nooks and corners of the country. rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Why is federal system felt necessary in Nepal? Sharing and transferring the power— development regions were created for decentralization but powers, authority and development activities remained centralized Best mobilization and allocation of the resources– for balanced and justifiable development. rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Opportunities with federal system of governance Empowering people Deepening the democracy Political autonomy to sub-national/local governments Diversity Management and inclusion Cooperative Governance Balance in development Robust accountability (political and administrative) rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

Challenges of federalism Reorganization of federal units Cooperation Autonomy vs. control Dispute Resolution Resource mobilization Federalization of political parties Adjustment of civil servants & establishing public service system at all levels rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

संघीयतामा सेवाप्रवाह rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

नेपालको संविधान २०७२ का ब्यवस्थाहरू धारा-५१ को उपधारा (४) मा “सार्वजनिक प्रशासनलाई स्वच्छ, सक्षम, निष्पक्ष, पारदर्शी, भ्रष्टाचारमुक्त, जनउत्तरदायी र सहभागितामूलक बनाउँदै राज्यबाट प्राप्त हुने सेवा सुविधामा जनताको समान र सहज पहुँच सुनिश्चित गरी सुशासनको प्रत्याभूति गर्ने” भन्ने उल्लेख छ धारा २८५ मा सरकारी सेवाको गठन, धारा ३०२ उपधारा (१) मा प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहमा सरकारी सेवाको गठन र संघ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहमा कर्मचारी समायोजनको संक्रमणकालीन ब्यवस्थाका rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

अवसर र चुनौतीहरू अवसरहरू कामको बाँडफाँडका आधारमा (Functions) संरचना र मानव श्रोतको आंकलन, आफ्नै उत्तम संगठन, अभ्यास र कार्य प्रणाली तथा कार्यसंस्कृतिको बिकास र प्रवर्धन गर्ने अधिकार, श्रोत र उत्तरदायित्व एकैठाउमा राखी उत्तरदायी राज्यप्रणाली स्थापना गर्ने rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

अवसर र चुनौतीहरू चुनौतीहरू असन्तुष्टि, असन्तुष्टिको संबोधन गर्न जारी भएको केही दिन मै संबिधानको पहिलो संशोधन तर, उनीहरूको आन्दोलन निरन्तर राजनीतिक शक्तिहरु बीचको सन्तुलन ब्यवस्थापन गर्ने कौशलता र सहकार्यको संस्कृतिको अभाव छ। पुन: संरचनाभित्र (गर्भमै) आफ्नो राजनीतिक शक्ति आर्जनको उपाय खोज्ने प्रवृति राजनीतिज्ञमा सेवा र कर्मचारीमा ब्यवसायिक निष्ठाको अभाव, दलीय आबद्धताबाट आफ्नो क्षणिक तुष्टि पुरागर्ने प्रबृति विवादको निरूपणकालागि मध्यस्थता गर्न राजनैतिक पक्षहरूको विश्वास आर्जन गर्न नसक्ने प्रशासक rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

अवसर र चुनौतीहरू सरकार परिवर्तनका मौषमी हल्लाहरू, त्यसले प्रशासन यन्त्रको मनोविज्ञनमा पार्ने असर स्थानीय तहको एउटै अधिकारको ब्यवस्थापन र अधिकारको बिन्यासमा देखिएको जटीलता संस्थागत संझना कमजोर, शक्तिलार्इ लाई केन्द्रमा नै समाएर राख्ने र केन्द्र बलियो पार्ने हाम्रो मानसिकताको निरन्तरता मानव श्रोतको व्यवस्थापन, कर्मचारीको सरुवा र समायोजन, भौतिक संरचनाहरु र बित्त ब्यवस्थापन प्रमुख राजनैतिक दलहरू संविधान कार्यान्वयन गर्ने क्रममा बिभाजित rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

सुझावहरू मन्त्रालय, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहका सम्बद्धलार्इ सेवाको सुनिश्चितताकालागि उत्तरदायी बनाउने अधिकार संपन्न निकायको ब्यवस्था गरी तत्काल अवरोध हटाउने वा कारवाही गरी सेवा सुचारू राख्ने ब्यवस्था मिलाउने कर्मचारी ब्यवस्थापनमा कठोर कानुन बनार्इ लागु गर्ने र मन्त्रालयलार्इ जिम्मेवार बनाउने भर्ना प्रकृया पुरै रोक्ने स्थानीय निकाय पुनसंरचना आयोगबाट पूर्ण प्रतिवेदन लिने। संविधान संशोधन गर्ने rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

सुझावहरू कानुन निर्माणको कामलार्इ समयबद्ध बनाउने जनशक्ति आंकलन, तालीम ब्यवस्थापन गर्ने वित्तीय ब्यवस्थापन गर्ने, वित्तीय श्रोत समायोजन मापदण्ड बनाउने भौतिक पुर्वाधारको ब्यवस्थापन स्थानीय तहको सेवाको निरन्तरताकालागि, श्रोत, कानुन, कार्यविधी, जनशक्ति, अभिलेख र उत्तरदायित्वको ब्यवस्था अनुगमन र सुपरिवेक्षण ब्यवस्था rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018

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Thank You rajendra.adhikari@nasc.org.np 12/6/2018