Figure 8.1 The human skeleton. Cranium Skull Facial bones Bones of pectoral girdle Clavicle Thoracic cage Scapula (ribs and sternum) Sternum Upper limb Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ilium Ulna Bones of pelvic girdle Carpals Ischium Pubis Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Lower limb Tibia Fibula Talus Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Calcaneus Anterior view Posterior view

Figure 8.2 Cartilages in the adult skeleton and body. Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Larynx Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose Cricoid cartilage Trachea Lung Articular cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage Cartilage in intervertebral disc Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Bones of skeleton Cartilages Axial skeleton Hyaline cartilages Pubic symphysis Appendicular skeleton Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Articular cartilage of a joint 2

Figure 8.3 The structure of a long bone (humerus of the arm). Articular cartilage Compact bone Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Endosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Diaphysis Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient arteries Distal epiphysis 3

Figure 8.4 Microscopic structure of compact bone. Spongy bone Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Central (Haversian) canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Osteon (Haversian system) Circumferential lamellae Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Periosteal blood vessel Lamellae Periosteum Vein Nerve Artery Lamellae Canaliculus Central canal Osteocyte in a lacuna Lacunae Interstitial lamellae Lacuna (with osteocyte) 4

Cartilage cells undergo mitosis. 1 Figure 8.5 Growth in length of a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate. Resting zone Proliferation zone Cartilage cells undergo mitosis. 1 Hypertrophic zone Older cartilage cells enlarge. 2 Calcified cartilage spicule Calcification zone Matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating; blood vessels invade cavity. 3 Osteoblast depositing bone matrix Ossification zone New bone forms. 4 Osseous tissue (bone) covering cartilage spicules 5

Table 8.1 Bone Markings