A New Ph.D. Program in Computational Transportation Science Ouri Wolfson University of Illinois, Chicago 12/6/2018

Talk outline Computational Transportation Science cytuc Mobi-dik Data Dissemination 12/6/2018

Background for Computational Transportation Science Problem: Real-time information to traveler has not changed much in 40 years Objective: Enable dramatic improvement of the travel experience – based on information Idea: Capitalize on the wireless personal communication tidal wave to revolutionize transportation Approach: Architecture and software platform for the development of novel transportation applications 12/6/2018

Information Technology New Ph.D. program Information Technology Transportation Funded by the National Science Foundation, $3M. UIC match: $2.5M Will train about 30 Scientists Researchers from 12 academic departments, 6 colleges 12/6/2018

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Main differences from other transportation centers Focus on: Computer Science and IT Traveler rather than vehicular technology Applications above communication layer Education component 12/6/2018

Wireless P2P data management cytuc Computational Transportation Science Mobi-dik Data Dissemination 12/6/2018

Mobile Local Search: applications social networking (wearable website) Personal profile of interest at a convention Singles matchmaking Games Reminder Messaging (SMS) mobile electronic commerce Sale on an item of interest at mall Music-file exchange transportation Announce sudden stop, malfunctioning brake light Announce patch of ice discovered by abs Search close-by taxi customer, parking slot, ride-share emergency response Search for victims in a rubble asset management and tracking Sensors on containers exchange security information => remote checkpoints mobile collaborative work tourist and location-based-services Closest ATM 12/6/2018

Environment Pda’s, cell-phones, sensors, hotspots, vehicles, with wireless capabilities A central server does not necessarily exist resource-query C resource-query B resource 4 resource 5 resource 8 resource-query A resource 1 resource 2 resource 3 Local query Local database Resources of interest in a limited geographic area possibly for short time duration Applications coexist 12/6/2018

Technical Approach Use emerging short range wireless communication over unlicensed spectrum Completely decentralized peer-to-peer solution – save centralized solution cost 802.11 802.11, bluetooth -- unlicensed spectrum cellular Alternate network selection depending of Information Type Cellular  Point-to-point by net-id Short-range  Geospatial/anonymous/location-based 12/6/2018

MP2P: Why now? Revisit paradigm: “devices should be small, so put intelligence in infrastructure” 12/6/2018

Research Problems in Mobile P2P Data modeling – many simultaneous applications, sensor- and human-generated information Resource management (bandwidth, power, memory) Participation incentives for brokers, to achieve reasonable search coverage Dynamic and adaptive use of fixed infrastructure Managing Heterogeneity Remote Querying Privacy, security, HCI 12/6/2018

Focus of Mobi-dik Information ranking Ranking done by aggregating demand, temporal, spatial, novelty, reliability factors pertaining to data items Aggregation uses machine learning techniques Independent of the network (b/t or wifi) Consequences of ranking: improved search The important (most likely to be useful) information is saved and communicated improved memory, bandwidth, power utilization 12/6/2018

Focus of Mobi-dik (cont.) Bandwidth and Power management by dynamic adaptation of Size of each transmission Frequency of transmissions Range of each transmission 12/6/2018

Talk outline Computational Transportation Science cytuc Mobi-dik Data Dissemination 12/6/2018

Application Capture (discovery) of competitive (on/off) physical resources Competitive resource: at most one consumer a time (parking slot, cab-customer, cab) Compare discovery time without information discovery time with information (clearly shorter, enables seeing around block) Conveyed in MP2P fashion With ranking Without ranking Conveyed by ideal client server 12/6/2018

Outline of rest of talk Peer-to-peer Broadcast (PPB) – a bandwidth-sensitive MP2P algorithm Comparison with Searching-without-Information and Ideal-central-server 12/6/2018

Resource report Resource type (parking slot) Transmission time Location of resource 12/6/2018

Mobile P2P Broadcast Resources periodically send reports to moving objects that pass within transmission range. Moving objects periodically sort the reports according to their relevance and broadcast the top M reports. 12/6/2018

Elements of PPB Relevance function Broadcast period Broadcast size (number of reports in a broadcast) 12/6/2018

Relevance Function Theorem: Assume: (1) Consumers arrive at R according to a Poisson process with intensity . (2) The average speed of the consumer is v. (3) A report R is generated at location (0,0) and at time 0. Then: for a consumer that receives a(R) at time t and distance d from (0,0) , the probability that the resource R is still available when the consumer reaches R is 12/6/2018

Power of relevance function Broadcast size = 1 12/6/2018

802.11 Throughput (Effective bandwidth) 12/6/2018

Relationship: Broadcast size to Broadcast period Expected throughput of the wireless channel in an (802.11) ad-hoc network Broadcast period depends on density, transmission range, size of broadcast, and is chosen to maximize E(Th) 12/6/2018

Outline Peer-to-peer Broadcast (PPB) Comparison with Ideal-central-server 12/6/2018

Comparison with Ideal Dissemination (Central-server) In ideal dissemination, a report is immediately transmitted to all vehicles after it is generated by the resource. With very reasonable broker density (average inter-broker distance of 173 meters) and wireless transmission range (250 meters), the performance of the PPB reaches that of the ideal dissemination case. 12/6/2018

Relevant research work 12/6/2018

Mp2p vs. client-server Mp2p advantages Mp2p disadvantages Zero cost Unregulated communication No central database to maintain Independent of infrastructure Higher reliability Privacy preservation Mp2p disadvantages Weaker answer-completeness guarantees 12/6/2018

Relationship to work on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Work mainly concerned with sending a message to an ip-address In contrast, MP2P focuses on dissemination among a group interested peers 12/6/2018

Resource Discovery in MANET A MANET routing protocol is augmented to enable addressing based on resource type or resource key rather than network ID B A A’s routing table C Resource type Next hop printer music restaurant C D B Ip address Next hop 1234 2345 3456 C D B D 12/6/2018

Construction and Maintenance of Routing Table Printer? Resource type Next hop printer B Printer? Here! A B Here! Problems when applied to our context: Does not work when consumer and resource are disconnected. Resources are transient. Consumer has to constantly poll. Constructed routing structure easily becomes obsolete. May take awhile to construct in Bluetooth networks 12/6/2018

Other relevant work Manet’s bandwidth capacity Power management in Manet’s Data broadcasting 12/6/2018

Mp2p vs. sensor networks Devices more powerful and reliable than sensors Sensor network topology mostly static Aggregate function computation vs. trigger firing 12/6/2018

Experimental MP2P projects (Pedestrians) 7DS -- Columbia University (web pages) iClouds – Darmstadt Univ. (incentives) MoGATU – UMBC (specialized query processing, e.g., collaborative joins) PeopleNet -- NUS, IIS-Bangalore (Mobile commerce, information type  location baazar) MoB – Wisconsin, Cambridge (incentives, information resources e.g. bandwidth) Mobi-Dik – Univ. of Illinois, Chicago (brokering, physical resources, bandwidth/memory/power management) 12/6/2018

Vehicular projects Inter-vehicle Communication and Intelligent Transportation: CarTALK 2000 is a European project VICS (The Vehicle Information and Control System) is a government-sponsored system in Japan with an 11-year track record FleetNet, an inter-vehicle communications system, is being developed by a consortium of private companies and universities in Germany IVI (Intelligent Vehicle Initiative) and VII (Vehicle Infrastructure Integration), the US DOT MP2P provides data management capabilities on top of these communication systems Grassroots – Rutgers, p2p dissemination of traffic info to reduce travel times 12/6/2018

Conclusion -- IGERT New Ph.D. program: Computer Science + Transportation Science Novel applications: Traffic Management Traveler services Emergency response Research Themes: Information Management and Communication Software Services Human Factors Intelligent Traveler Assistant 12/6/2018

Conclusion - Mobidik Innovative aspects: Performance comparison with Information Ranking Memory, Power, Bandwidth management Performance comparison with Flooding Ideal central server Blind search 12/6/2018