The Road to Civil War

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH: “SECTIONALISM” Favored stronger national government Growing industrial economy Greater population Bigger cities and more immigrants Favored tariffs Abolitionism “Free states” Favored stronger state governments Agricultural based economy Smaller population Fewer cities and immigrants Issues with tariffs Slavery “Slave states”

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820) 1820- Missouri petitioned to become a state and wished to be a slave state This would make representation in Congress unbalanced (There were 11 free states & 11 slave states) The Missouri Compromise allowed the following: Missouri- slave state Maine- free state Any states made below the 36º30’ line of latitude is open to slavery Compromise was meant to make both sides happy and keep equal representation in Congress

ANNEXATION OF TEXAS AND OREGON…A CONTINUATION OF MANIFEST DESTINY! Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836 In 1845, President James K. Polk allowed Texas to join the Union- this would later contribute to the U.S. going to war with Mexico U.S. and Great Britain shared Oregon through a treaty they agreed to in 1818 Polk feared conflict with Great Britain over the annexation of Oregon U.S. and Great Britain peacefully agreed that the boundary line would be 54º40’ line (north would be British and south would be U.S.)

ANNEXATION OF TEXAS AND OREGON

MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848) Cause: Texas annexation and disputes over the southern border of Texas (Rio Grande River) Pres. Polk also tried to negotiate California and New Mexico- Mexico refused U.S. invaded Mexico after a shootout on the boarder Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- gave the U.S. Calif, Utah, Nevada, and parts of NM, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming. AND the Rio Grande River becomes the southern border. Significance: First time the U.S. fight on foreign soil over Manifest Destiny

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 California experienced a gold rush in 1849 and requested statehood a year later; Representation in Congress would be unequal again. California petitioned to be a free state Compromise of 1850 did the following: California entered as a free state Fugitive Slave Act (return runaway slaves) UT and NM would be opened to popular sovereignty (citizens vote on slavery) The Compromise was more of a victory for the North and it upset the South.

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT Kansas and Nebraska Territories are opened to popular sovereignty (citizens vote on the issue of slavery) Cancelled out the Missouri Compromise Meant to calm the North and South INSTEAD it led to a outbreak of violence known as “Bleeding Kansas”

DRED SCOTT V. SANFORD (1857) Sanford moved his family and slaves (including Dred Scott) from Missouri (slave) to Illinois (free) Scott sued for his freedom The Supreme Court ruled that he was a slave and did not have the right to sue

JOHN BROWN’S RAID AT HARPER’S FERRY, VA Brown was an abolitionist involved in “Bleeding Kansas” and other anti-slavery movements Was seen by abolitionists as a “hero” In 1859, he planned an armed rebellion in Harper’s Ferry, VA with roughly 20 white men and slaves. The idea was to raid the federal arsenal and take weapons which he would pass through the South They were attacked by citizens and later the military John Brown was arrested and hanged

ELECTION OF 1860 The big issue was whether or not to allow slavery in new territories Abraham Lincoln (Republican) wanted to prohibit slavery in new territories and keep it contained where it exists Stephen Douglas (Democrat) and John Breckinridge (Democrat) supported popular sovereignty John Bell (Constitutional Union) wanted to leave the slave issue alone Lincoln won with 60% of the electoral votes over the other 3 candidates