Cells of the immune system

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Cells of the immune system

Cells and Tissues of the immune system The cells of the adaptive immune system are normally present: a)Circulating cells in the blood and lymph b)Anatomically defined collection in lymphoid organs c)Scattered cells in all tissues

Lymphocytes Antigen presenting cells(APC) Effector cells

Cells of the immune system (lymphocytes) Lymphocytes are the only specific cells and are responsible for specificity and memory They are 3 subsets ,different in functions and protein products but not in morphology 1-B cells 2- T cells(helper and cytotoxic) 3- Natural killer (NK) cells

Overview of lymphocyte development Commitment Proliferation(IL-7) Rearrangement proliferation Selection

B lymphocyte development stem cell Pro B cells CD19,CD10, µ heavy chain rearrangement Pre B cells Pre antigen receptor expression immature B cells IgM BCR expression,independent of antigen and their encounter with it ,receptor editing,cell death,functional unresponsiveness Mature B cells

Rearrangement of Ag receptor genes is the key event in lymphocyte development. There are two checkpoint steps: One of them,successful production of one of the polypeptide chains of two The assembly of a complete receptor

Pre-Ag and Ag-receptors deliver signals to developing lymphocytes that are required for the survival of them Positive selection and Negative selection Clonal deletion Receptor editing

Mature B cells Fetal liver stem cells …….B-1 B cell Bone marrow stem cells…..B-2 B cells….marginal zone B cells and follicular B cells with Both IgM & IgD B-1 B cells (CD5+) found in peritoneum and mucosal sites Limited diversity Secrete IgM Marginal zone B cells Located in the spleen Express IgM and CD21 Respond to blood-borne microbes

B cell surface markers B cell receptor(Ag recognition) CD19 (B cell activation) CD21or CR2 (B cell activation and EBV receptor) CD25 (binds IL- 2) CD27 (memory B cells ) CD40 (B cell activation) CD80 or B7(costimulator for T cell activation) CD81 (B cell activation)

T cell subpopulations T lymphocytes mature in the thymus *Mature T cells :Th and Tc,TR *T cells have CD4, CD8,TCR(αβ & ) ,CD28,CD40L,CD2,CTLA-4(memory T cells have IL-7 R) *T helper cells have 2 subsets :Th1 and Th2 are differentiate by cytokine pattern that they produce. *Th1=IFN- *Th2 =IL-4 , IL-5,IL-10, IL-13

2)Cytokines and chemokines Two types of molecules produced by nonlymphoid thymic cells important for T cell maturation 1)Class-I and II MHC 2)Cytokines and chemokines Chemokines for entry to thymus:CCR9(pre-T)-CCL25(cortex) Chemokines for movement from cortex :CCR7- CCL19,21(medula)

سلول Th1 تمايز اين زير گروه از سلول هاي T عمدتا توسط سيتوكاين هاي IL-12 و IFN- γ در پاسخ به ميكروب هايي صورت مي گيرد كه سلول هاي دندريتيك ، ماكروفاژها و سلول هاي NK را فعال مي کنند وجه مشترك همه اين عفونت ها تحريك واكنش هاي ايمني ذاتي است كه منجر به توليد برخي سيتوكاين ها مثل IL-12,IL-18 و اينترفرون هاي نوع يك مي شود. IL-12 قوي ترين محرك تمايز سلول ها ي Th1 بشمار مي رود. در اين رابطه IL-18 نقش سينرژيستيك همراه با IL-12 واينترفرون ها در رابطه با عفونت هاي ويروسي نقش تمايزي براي سلول هاي Th1 بازي مي كنند. موشهاي با نقص در IL-12 و يا IL-12R ، نسبت به عفونت هاي داخل سلولي حساسند.

سلول Th2 تمايز اين زيرگروه از سلول هاي T بوسيله IL-4 در پاسخ به كرم ها و آلرژن ها اتفاق مي افتد. اين گروه از محرك ها موجب تحريك مزمن و مكررسلول هايT مي شوند بنابر اين IL-4 نقش مهمي در راندن سلول هاي T CD4 به سلول هاي Th2 دارد بنظر ميرسد IL-4 اوليه قبل از تمايز سلول هاي Th-2 از ماست سل ها ، بازوفيل ها و ائوزينوفيل ها در واكنش به محرك هاي محيطي و كرم ها سر چشمه مي گيرد.

سلول Th17 تمايزاين سلول ها نتيجه سيتوكاين هاي التهاب زايي است كه در پاسخ به عفونت هاي باكتريايي و قارچي توليد مي شوند. در واقع اين عوامل قارچي از طريق گيرنده شبه لكتيني بنام Dectin-1 ، سلول هاي دندريتيك را تحريك و آنها را وادار به توليد سيتوكاين هايي مثل IL-1 , IL-6 و IL-23 مي كنند. IL-23 بيش از القاء ، در رابطه با تكثير وابقاء سلول هاي Th-17 اهميت دارد. تمايز سلول هاي TH-17 توسط IL-4 و IFN-γ مهار مي شود بنابر اين پاسخ هاي قوي Th1 و Th2 منجر به سركوب پاسخ هاي Th17 مي شود. جالب اينكه TGF – β كه خود يك سيتوكاين ضد التهابي است در حضور IL-1 و IL-6 موجب تحريك توليد سلول هاي Th-17 مي گردد. يعني TGF – β بطورغير مستقيم مي تواند باعث پيشبرد پاسخ هاي Th17 شود.

Th17 اين سلول ها IL-21 توليد مي كنند كه خود مي تواند با يك مكانيسم تشديد كننده تمايز سلول هاي Th17 را افزايش دهند. طبيعتا در جريان تمايز سلول هاي Th17 نيز فاكتور هاي ترانس كريپشن خاصي نقش دارند كه تحت تاثير سيتوكاين عمل ميكنند . موتاسيون در يكي از اين فاكتور هاي ترانس كريپشن منجر به نقص ايمني كميابي بنام Jobs syndrome مي شود. در اين بيماران آبسه هاي پوستي باكتريايي و قارچي ايجاد مي شود كه نشان دهنده نقص در پاسخ سلول هاي Th17 مي باشد. اين سلول ها در بافت هاي مخاطي بويژه در دستگاه گوارش بفراواني ديده مي شوند شايد بدليل وجود فراوان TGF-β و ساير سايتوكاين ها در اين بافت باشد اين مشاهدات شايد بتواند بيانگر اين واقعيت باشد كه سلولهاي Th17 نقش مهمي در دفاع عليه عفونت ها و التهابات روده اي داشته باشد.

سلولFollicular Th(T FH) اين سلول هادرفوليكول هاي لنفوئيدي توسط سلول هاي B فعال شده تمايز مي يابند .ميزان زيادي گيرنده هاي كمو كايني CXCR5 در سطح آنها بارز شده كه توسط ليگاند ويژه خود بداخل فوليكول هاي لنفوئيدي كشيده مي شود. اين سلول ها نقش مهمي در واكنش هاي مراكز زايا درفوليكول ها بازي مي كنند. از ويژگي هاي اين سلول ها علاوه برگيرنده هاي كموكاين ، ترشح IL-21 و بيان ترانس كريپشن فاكتور Bcl6 مي باشد.

سلول Regulatory T زير گروهي از سلول هاي T CD4 هستند كه پاسخ هاي ايمني را مهار نموده و موجب ابقاء تولرانس محيطي نسبت به خود مي گردد..از ويژگي هاي اين سلول ها ،بروز زنجيره آلفاي گيرنده اينترلوكين 2 (IL_2R chain) يا CD25 و مولكول ترانس كريپشن FoxP3 و ميزان زيادي CTLA-4 ميباشد. نقص در اين سلول ها مي تواند منجر به شيوع بيماريهاي خود ايمن گردد.

NK T cells IL-4,IFN- 5-15% Help marginal B cells for Ab production against lipid antigens Not MHC restriction TCR CD56

T cell receptor

T cell trceptor

Clonal selection

Effector cells Activated Th cells Cytolytic T cells Plasma cells Mononuclear phagocytes Nk cells

Phagocytosis

NK cell activity

Dendritic cells Coventional Dc Plasmacytoid Dc