DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

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DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Hard Disks Top view of a 36 GB, 10,000 RPM, IBM SCSI server hard disk, with its top cover removed. Note the height of the drive and the 10 stacked platters. (IBM Ultrastar 36ZX.) 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Hard Disk Basics Invented in the 1950 20 inch diameter holding a few megabytes Originally called “fixed disks” or “Winchesters” (Winchester 30-30 rifle) Magnetic recording technique Easily erased and rewritten Remembers magnetic flux patterns for many years. 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Hard Disk Basics hard disks play a significant role in the following important aspects of a computer system: Overall System Performance Storage Capacity Software Support Reliability 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Hard Disk Trends Areal Density: 35Gbits/inch2 (20GB on a single 3.5” platter) Capacity: ~300GB Spindle speed: 15000rpm Form factor: smaller -> more rigid Desktop: 5.25” -> 3,5” Laptop: 2,5” IBM Microdrive: 1” diameter, 0,25” thick, 340 MB Performance: positioning and transfer performance Reliability (SMART) RAID: for performance & reliability Interfaces: IDE/SATA – SCSI/SAS - USB 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Construction 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Platters and Media One or more platters Substrate, gives it structure and rigidity Magnetic media coating Platters are precision manufactured Assembled in a clean room to keep platters clean. 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Platter Size – Drive form factor Form factor: 5.25”,3.5”,2.5”, PC Card & CompactFlash 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Platter Size is shrinking, why ? Most cost effective for manufacturers: platter size as big as possible ! Reasons for shrinking: Enhanced rigidity: more rsistant to shock and vibration. (diameter /2 -> rigidity x 4) Manufacturing Ease Mass Reduction (easier to spin, faster spin-up) Power conservation Noise and Heat reduction Improved Seek Performance, but smaller capacity ! 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Platter size shrinking Seagate Cheetah 10K Seagate Cheetah 15K 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Number of Platters Consumer disks: 1 – 5 platters High-end disks: up to 12 platters Always a single assembly that spins as one unit. Each platter: two surfaces to hold data -> two read/write heads. (not always used) Many platters: difficult to drive, noise, vibration, spin up, spin down, ... Trend: less platters (areal density compensates) Height limitation: one inch for standard drives. 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Platter Substrate Materials Material should be: rigid, easy to work with, lightweight, stable, magnetically inert, inexpensive, available. Aluminium Alloy Platter Glass platter 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Glass Platters: advantages over aluminium Better quality: smoother surface, ideal for low flying heights and faster spindle speeds. Improved rigidity: glass is more rigid than aluminium Thinner platters: enhanced rigidity allows platters to be made thinner. More platters can be placed in the same drive dimensions. Thinner platters weigh less => spindle motor requirements reduced, spin-up time smaller Thermal Stability: glass expands less than aluminium when heated. Very thin glass: FRAGILITY Solution: Glass/ceramic composites to reduce the likelyhood of cracking. 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Magnetic Media Thin coating of magnetic material (only a few millionths of an inch thick) Older disks used high-performance oxide media (=rust particles), similar to what is used in audio cassette tape. Oxide media is inexpensive but Is soft, easily damaged Low density Today’s disks use thin film media: Much more uniform and smooth Superior magnetic properties (higher areal density) Harder and more durable than oxide 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Tracks and Sectors Platter is broken in tracks Each track divided into sectors. Sector is smallest accessable unit which holds 512 bytes of info. First disks: 17 sectors per track Today: over 1000 sectors per track + zoned recording 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Zoned Recording 5400RPM IBM 40GV (20GB) 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Interleaving Used only for (Old) slow controllers Interleave factor 1:1 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 Interleave factor 2:1 1,10,2,11,3,12,4,13,5,14,6,15,7,16,8,17,9 Interleave factor 3:1 1,7,13,2,8,14,3,9,15,4,10,16,5,11,17,6,12 Configured by low level format 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Cylinder and Head Skew 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Magnetic Reading + Recording MR (Magneto-Resistive) or GMR (Giant MR) reading head. Thin-Film inductive write head 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Ferrite Head Mid 1970s Bulky ferrite head 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Thin Film Heads (TF) 1980s to mid 1990s Very small, precise head Much higher density (100-1000MB drives) 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Magnetoresistive (MR) Heads Ferrite and Thin Film heads: inducing a current in the wire of the read head when a magnetic field is present. MR heads (reading only): special conductive material that changes resistance when a magnetic field is present. A sensor detects these changes in resistance. Results in much higher densities on the platters. Read head is much more sensitive -> allows weaker written signals, which lets the bits be spaced closer together. 1GB – 30GB disks 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Heads Same principle as MR heads Different design that makes it superior “Giant” MR head is smaller than MR head Giant magnetoresistive effect discovered in the late 1980s: Thin layers of various magnetic materials Subjected to magnetic field => large resistance changes Commercialized by IBM: GMR First harddisk using GMR on the market: 1998 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Heads GMR head operation 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst MR versus GMR GMR is more sensitive: MR only 2% resistance change when polarity changes GMR from 5% to 8% GMR head can detect much weaker (smaller) signals. Much higher areal density is possible. GMR head: 300GB disks (35Gbits/in2) 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

Illustration: inside a hard disk Speed ~100km/h 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst

DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst Sources Harddisks: http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd Seagate Technology Papers: http://www.seagate.com/newsinfo/newsroom/papers/index.html Seagate Technology: More than an Interface – SCSI vs. ATA Dave Anderson, Jim Dykes, Erik Riedel Hitachi Global Storage Technologies: http://www.hitachigst.com/hdd/hddpdf/tech/hdd_technology2003.pdf 6 December 2018 DE NAYER INSTITUUT Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst