The What, who, When, Where, and Why of the Reformation Who are these guys, the Three Wise Men?

King Henry, left, and Pope Gregory VII, right. During the Middle Ages, the famous conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV proved that Popes had more power then Kings in Europe. During the Reformation this would change.

What? – Terms to know Protestant Reformation = When people began to protest the corruption of the Catholic Church and seek reform (change) . Protestants = New branch of Christianity; former Catholics that left the Church to protest corruption. Indulgences = A document Catholic officials usually sold to poor Catholics; said all sins are forgiven, whether or not the person did good deeds.

Who? - Person #1, Martin Luther Main leader of the Protestant Reformation Former Catholic priest who protested the corruption of the Church, (indulgences) Wrote “95 Theses” (95 problems with the Church) Formed his own Christian religion called Lutheran How did the Church respond to Luther?

Some of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses #43 = “Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does better deeds than buying indulgences.” #47 = “Christians are to be taught that the buying of indulgences is a matter of free will, and not of commandment.” #72 = “He who goes against the lust and license of the indulgence-preachers, let him be blessed!”

Martin Luther Religious authority in the Bible Denied the Pope’s authority Salvation by faith alone Prayer to God alone (not Mary or Saints) Denied transubstantiation - Bread & wine as symbols marry

Martin Luther wanted to spread his ideas about corruption of the Catholic Church There was no TV, radio, internet, or phones Lots of people couldn’t read How would you tell him to solve his problem?

Luther’s ideas spread as a result of Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press (the first one ever!) Gutenberg printing press  Modern-day printing press

Now we will look at some political cartoons that Martin Luther made to advertise his ideas. A political cartoon is a drawing that tries to show how the author feels about an issue. These cartoons often use irony or satire to make a statement or prove a point.

Jesus washes the feet of his disciples. The Pope makes others kiss his feet. Passion of Christ and Anti-Christ

A crown of thorns is prepared for Christ. The Pope wears three crowns of gold. Passion of Christ and Anti-Christ

As a result of the Reformation, Western Christianity split into two branches: Protestantism and Roman Catholicism.  Many parts of Europe became Protestant and reforms were brought to the Catholic Church.

Who? - Person #2, John Calvin Began the Calvinist Church Embraced the ideas of Luther Believed in Predestination (it’s decided when you’re born if going to heaven or not.)

Who? – Person #3 – King Henry VIII Father of Elizabeth I; Brought Reformation to England Left the Catholic Church in 1533 Pope wouldn’t grant him a divorce from his wife (illegal) Later formed Church of England (Anglican Church)

The Fate of Henry VIII’s Six Wives Wife #2 – Anne Boleyn (beheaded for adultery) Wife #1 – Catherine of Aragon (divorced because she no longer could produce a male heir to the throne) Wife #3 – Jane Seymour (died of natural causes) Wife #4 – Anne of Cleaves (divorced; an arranged marriage to someone Henry never loved. Wife #6 – Catherine Parr (survived) Wife #5 – Kathryn Howard (beheaded for adultery)

The Tudor Family Flow Chart Henry VIII’s six wives: divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded, survived Henry VIII 1509-1547 The Tudor Family Flow Chart Henry’s 1st daughter - Queen Mary “Bloody Mary” 1553-1558 Henry’s 2nd daughter - Queen Elizabeth I 1558-1603

When? 1500-1600’s- Overlaps most of the Renaissance

Where? Europe Europe, mainly Germany and England Question: Why did the Reformation NOT start in Italy? Europe Germany (aka Holy Roman Empire)

Why? – The Reasons - Catholic Church was corrupt (sold indulgences, Church positions sold to highest bidder, some priests were illiterate) - Church refused to change when reformers demanded it (ex: Bible still only in Latin, indulgences wouldn’t stop)

What: What if I wanted to stop the Corruption? You would be excommunicated and labeled a heretic. Your consequence: burned at the stake. Why didn’t the Church just kill Martin Luther?