Neo-cartilage engineered from primary chondrocytes is epigenetically similar to autologous cartilage, in contrast to using mesenchymal stem cells N.

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Neo-cartilage engineered from primary chondrocytes is epigenetically similar to autologous cartilage, in contrast to using mesenchymal stem cells N. Bomer, W. den Hollander, H. Suchiman, E. Houtman, R.C. Slieker, B.T. Heijmans, P.E. Slagboom, R.G.H.H. Nelissen, Y.F.M. Ramos, I. Meulenbelt Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 24, Issue 8, Pages 1423-1430 (August 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.009 Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Graphical representation of the study-design. hBMSCs were isolated from hip joints of OA patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty as result of end stage OA as part of the RAAK study. Primary articular chondrocytes (hPACs) were isolated from macroscopically unaffected cartilage derived from four OA patients who underwent total joint arthroplasty of the knee (RAAK study). Subsequent the cells are proliferated for the expansion of cell-numbers. Next, 3D pellet cultures are formed and chondrogenic differentiation is commenced to engineer hBMSCs-derived neo-cartilage (MSC-cartilage) and hPACs-derived neo-cartilage (PAC-cartilage). Neo-cartilage is isolated for DNA isolation at time points of 14, 21, 35 and 49 days for MSC-cartilage and 0, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days for PAC-cartilage. The genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of MSC-cartilage and PAC-cartilage was compared against those of the respective hip and knee autologous cartilage using Illumina 450 k methylation arrays. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1423-1430DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Graphical data representations. (A) PCA displaying the first two components (component 1 (x-axis) and component 2 (y-axis)). (B) Heatmap constructed from the 10,000 CpGs (y-axis) that showed the largest variation (Standard Deviation) over the samples (x-axis). Samples are hierarchically clustered (dendrogram on the top), showing two distinct clusters: hBMSCs (light gray) and cartilage (blue) and hPACs (dark gray) together. (C) Volcano-plot of all CpGs after QC (438750) for the comparison of methylation status in hBMSCs against preserved cartilage. CpGs that reach the threshold (P < 0.05 & Δβ > 0.1) are printed dark gray, CpGs that do not reach the threshold are printed in light gray. (D) Volcano-plot of all CpGs after QC (438750) for the comparison of methylation status in hPACs against preserved cartilage. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1423-1430DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Examples of t-CpGs in cartilage expressed genes, showing significant correlation between expression and methylation. (A–D) Examples of differentially methylated CpGs between MSC-cartilage and autologous cartilage, assigned to a DMR, that show significant correlation between expression (y-axis) and methylation fraction (x-axis). Cartilage samples are printed in blue (unaffected) and red (lesioned), while knee and hip samples are respectively depicted as circles and triangles. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1423-1430DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Examples of t-CpGs in cartilage expressed genes, showing significant correlation between expression and methylation. (A–D) Examples of differentially methylated CpGs between PAC-cartilage and autologous cartilage, assigned to a DMR, that show significant correlation between expression (y-axis) and methylation fraction (x-axis). Cartilage samples are printed in blue (unaffected) and red (lesioned), while knee and hip samples are respectively depicted as circles and triangles. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1423-1430DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 RT-qPCR analysis of CILP expression in in vitro cultured hPACs and autologous articular cartilage. CILP mRNA levels were found down regulated 97-fold. Data is presented as the mean + SD of RT-qPCR triplicates and relative to articular cartilage expression. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1423-1430DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. S1 Representation of the time course of chondrogenic differentiation. Example histology (Alcian Blue, Toluidine Blue and Hematoxylin & Eosin) of the autologous cartilage (A) and at the different time points of neo-cartilage (Alcian Blue) of hBM-MSCs (14, 21, 35 and 49 days of differentiation) (B) and hPACs (4, 7, 14 and 21 days of differentiation) (C). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1423-1430DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.009) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions