Figure 1 Physiological metabolism of Aβ in the brain and periphery

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Figure 1 Physiological metabolism of Aβ in the brain and periphery Figure 1 | Physiological metabolism of Aβ in the brain and periphery. Amyloid-β (Aβ) is generated by neurons, microglia and astrocytes in the brain, and by platelets, skin fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and skeletal muscle cells in the periphery. The CNS and peripheral pools of Aβ can interact; some Aβ peptides in the CNS are cleared via phagocytosis or proteolytic degradation, whereas others are released into the blood via the blood–brain barrier (BBB), interstitial fluid (ISF) bulk flow or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) egress pathways. Some Aβ peptides in blood are phagocytosed, including by monocytes or neutrophils, some are degraded by Aβ-degrading enzymes, and some are transported by carriers (such as erythrocytes, albumin and lipoproteins) to peripheral organs or tissues, where they are degraded by macrophages or hepatocytes, or excreted via the liver or kidney. BCSFB, blood–CSF barrier; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; RBC, red blood cell. Wang, J. et al. (2017) A systemic view of Alzheimer disease — insights from amyloid‑β metabolism beyond the brain Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.111