Shapes and Orientations of Orbitals 22/09/99 Shapes and Orientations of Orbitals

Periodic table arrangement 22/09/99 the quantum theory helps to explain the structure of the periodic table. n - 1 indicates that the d subshell in period 4 actually starts at 3 (4 - 1 = 3).

The location of electrons is described by: n, l, ml 22/09/99 The location of electrons is described by: n, l, ml n = size, l = shape, ml = orientation

Electron clouds 22/09/99 The “probability” of finding an electron around a nucleus can be calculated. Relative probability is indicated by a series of dots, indicating the “electron cloud”. 90% electron probability/cloud for 1s orbital (notice higher probability toward the centre)

p orbitals and d orbitals 22/09/99 p orbitals look like a dumbell with 3 orientations: px, py, pz (“p sub z”). Four of the d orbitals resemble two dumbells in a clover shape. The last d orbital resembles a p orbital with a donut wrapped around the middle.

Movie: periodic table of the elements: t10-20 ml ms 22/09/99 1 0(s) 3d ENERGY 4s 2 0(s) 3p 1(p) -1, 0, 1 3s 3 0(s) 2p 1(p) -1, 0, 1 2s 2(d) -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 1s 4 0(s) Movie: periodic table of the elements: t10-20