Key issues Why – objectives: CBM (in this case) but be clear on each stakeholder’s objectives What is their involvement – level of participation identified and clear from the outset Who is involved – Stakeholders identified and kind of participation agreed and clear How – attitudes and behaviour, methods and process design At the beginning of a new session or day remember to recap previous concepts

How (to facilitate participation)? Attitudes and behaviour √ Methods – e.g. PRA/PLA tools Good process

Community steps Facilitation steps PLA tools 1. What is our situation? 1 Situation analysis Generate relevant information for discussion and analysis about the local environment, resource use and problems Mapping Historical profile / timeline Seasonal calendar 2. Why these problems and what can we do? 2 Learning & Awareness Discuss traditional and scientific information important for understanding issues and planning actions Ecological and traditional knowledge Stakeholders Problem trees 3. Can the community agree a way forward? 3 Action Planning Select priority issues and develop actions to address these including time frame and responsible people/agencies Issue discussion / ranking Action plan / matrix 4. How can we tell our plan is working? 4 Monitoring plan Develop and implement a monitoring plan during subsequent workshops and follow up Link to Action plan

Community steps tools 1. What is our situation? Mapping Historical profile / timeline Seasonal calendar 2. Why these problems and what can we do? Ecological and traditional knowledge Stakeholders Problem trees 3. Can the community agree a way forward? Issue discussion / ranking Action plan / matrix 4. How can we tell our plan is working? Link to Action plan Monitoring plan Monitor/survey

Monitoring video First half of USP monitoring video (up to specific survey designs)

Verata example Example of Verata community monitoring clams

CONCEPT OF MONITORING: Monitoring is not a new concept and is not only done by scientists or government and NGO workers. It is part of what we do everyday.

Monitoring and research Why? - OBJECTIVE Who does it? - COMMUNITY OR OUTSIDERS For who? - US or THEM Who owns the results? ???? Who does the work and who pays??? How are we going to benefit from the results? SO does it make sense?

Levels of monitoring - example Daula village Need food Need money Education, health etc. Vonu Bulabula NGO Wants to save the turtle Wants community wellbeing International Scientific Community Find out status of all endangered species Study “special” or “hotspot” ecosystems This and next slide attempt to distinguish the different interests involved in monitoring and separate what communities might be trying to get out of it as opposed to scientists and researchers. This is important regarding motivation and whether local people should be paid (maybe for research not directly of interest to them) or not (monitoring of their own plans and problems).

International scientific Monitoring interests at different levels International scientific community # species worldwide Etc etc. Vonu Bulabula NGO Numbers of turtle Where turtles Where they go Community wellbeing Daula village # clams $ income

Monitoring/Research Collecting information (Data) systematically to answer questions Data: Must be easy to collect Must be measurable Must only be the most important information The guide for this part of the course is the FLMMA monitoring manual © FLMMA and USP

Belief and Fact Handouts HO from FLMMA – Belief vs fact © FLMMA and USP

SMART Objectives Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time defined Eg In establishing the closed area we hope to get more fish (parrot fish, grouper, snapper), giant clams and healthy reef by 2014. © FLMMA and USP

Choosing SMART indicators HO and group work HO from FLMMA – SMART objectives © FLMMA and USP

Management Action Plan Issues Causes Solutions Who When Q. How will the community know that their management plan is working? A. Community monitoring

Monitoring Plan Establishment of closed marine area Solutions: Management Activities SMART Objectives Best indicators Monitoring methods and activities Who to do the survey Who to be informed of the results when Establishment of closed marine area In establishing the closed area we hope to get more fish (parrot fish, grouper, snapper), giant clams and healthy reef by 2014. 1. abundance of parrot fish, grouper, snapper 2. % live coral cover 3. #s of giant clams 1. Belt Transect, time swim 2. line transect 3. belt transect Community, TANGO and Fisheries – later community alone Community, TANGO, Fisheries Every year during Feb No more than 2 months after the survey Example

BIOLOGICAL MONITORING SURVEYS CAN HELP US  To keep track of how many fish/marine resources we are extracting from our fishing area and how much stock is left,  To know what is in our fishing ground (inventory of resources)  To understand which resources have been threatened or highly targeted?  Measure the desired benefits of implemented marine management actions such as closed areas  To determine whether measures put in place to better conserve marine resources are effective or not  To determine whether the community needs and project objectives have been met or not To quantify the biological changes that have occurred and to determine whether or not there is an increase in resource population or not To affirm PERCEPTIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS to be able to KNOW the ecological and biological changes. © FLMMA and USP

Sampling BIAS How many sites do we sample? Paired Sampling How large is an area to be monitored? How often do we sample? © FLMMA and USP

Sources of bias Different habitats/ depths/ sea bed Observer preferences or personal agenda Faulty equipment or layout Varying methods © FLMMA and USP

2002 H H H Group discussion tool. Why in the first transect of 2003 did the researchers not detect an increase in “H’s”? A. Because they didn’t use the same transect line exactly

Research Code of Ethics Confidentiality of information (responses, bio-data etc) Monitors (biologi, ecologi) must be try to avoid bias as possible Honesty of interviewer in documenting an interview response. Simple attitude From FLMMA © FLMMA and USP

Line Transect Method for Community Monitoring © FLMMA and USP

Session Objectives Review current monitoring methods currently used and assess usefulness to community needs Train communities & coral reef managers on Line Transect for monitoring key community indicators (identified by community) © FLMMA and USP

Monitoring video Second half of USP monitoring video (up to specific survey designs)

Choosing where to place permanent transect If able to survey only 1 site then pick the most representative of what the communities are trying to monitor Ensure that the number of transects for a site is sufficient to explain the whole site. You should be able to re-identify your starting point & orientation e.g N-S or left to right for survey at every permanent transect. Use landmarks or stakes. © FLMMA and USP

Fish Transect One buddy pair lay out ? m transect (or 4 ? x ? m transects separated by 5m breaks) Examine whole tape: no snags or floating too high Then….do the FISH TRANSECT first (leave undisturbed for 15 min) Swim slowly..stop and count every 5 meters – then wait 3 minutes before going to next point. Suggest IIII (cross for 5) recording method “rare” animals eg. Manta, sharks, turtles under “comments” © FLMMA and USP

© FLMMA and USP

Invertebrates Belt Transect After Fish Transect…Invertebrate Belt Transect over same Can keep the same recorder for the whole transect Make sure to search holes and ledges © FLMMA and USP

Edible sea cucumbers (Holothurians) © FLMMA and USP

Crown-of-thorns (Acanthaster planci) © FLMMA and USP

Triton shell (Cheronia tritonis) © FLMMA and USP

Fish © FLMMA and USP

2. Indo-Pacific belt transect © FLMMA and USP

Post Dive On site review of slates and data - all data collected? Data entry & Analysis ASAP © FLMMA and USP

THE END © FLMMA and USP

Some methods for collecting socio-economic data Observation Informal discussion Semi-structured interview Focus group interview Graphic visualization techniques Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Participatory Learning Action (PLA) Questionnaire interview © FLMMA and USP

Interviewing approach Bad Impolite, Authoritarian Hurry and rush Only interested in the information- not the respondents Wrong/bad approach, communication did not work well Wrong timing-fisherman busy Standing up while fisherman was sitting down. Good Respect/trust Greeting Polite Ask for permission Interviewers attitude is simple and relax Interview was able to observe what he was selling Question was directed to Good communication Interviewer knows how to approach Interviewer was able to raise interest of respondents © FLMMA and USP

Remember when socio-economic monitoring Similar to biological but working with people!! Make sure community fully supports the monitoring Respect the respondents situation, busy? In a hurry? Choose a good place and time Explain why the monitoring is being done, the community decision Good opportunity to remind of the reasons agreed by community, increases awareness Respect confidentiality © FLMMA and USP

Approaches to measuring income Cash income = number of fish sold Ownership of equipment or goods Credit used Savings Spending (e.g at Kios) © FLMMA and USP

SIZE Totals 0-4.9 5-9.9 10-14.9 15-19.9 20-24.9 25-29.9 30 + Simple way of introducing graphs and graphing © FLMMA and USP

SIZE Totals 0-1 1-2 2-3 I 3-4 4-5 5-6 IIII 6-7 II 7-8 IIIII 8-9 IIIIII 9-10 IIIIIIII 10-11 IIIIIIIIII 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17+ © FLMMA and USP

SIZE Totals 0-1 1-2 2-3 I 1 3-4 4-5 5-6 IIII 4 6-7 II 2 7-8 IIIII 8-9 IIIIII 5 9-10 IIIIIIII 8 10-11 IIIIIIIIII 10 11-12 12-13 6 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17+ Total 53 © FLMMA and USP

© FLMMA and USP

© FLMMA and USP

Community steps tools 1. What is our situation? Mapping Historical profile / timeline Seasonal calendar 2. Why these problems and what can we do? Ecological and traditional knowledge Stakeholders Problem trees 3. Can the community agree a way forward? Issue discussion / ranking Action plan / matrix 4. How can we tell our plan is working? Link to Action plan Monitoring plan Monitor/survey Remind the purpose of monitoring