OCR National Diploma in Sport Level 3 Personality Trait Theories Assessment Objective 2 Personality Trait Theories 12/6/2018

Investigate and explain the relationship between personality and sport ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE 2 Investigate and explain the relationship between personality and sport 12/6/2018

KNOWLEDGE, UNDERSTANDING AND SKILLS Personality: Definitions of personality The trait approach The situational approach The interactionist approach The links between personality (traits, situational influences) sport involvement and performance 12/6/2018

PERSONALITY PERSONALITY unique characteristics of an individual knowledge about personality is important to ensure optimum sporting performance 12/6/2018

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY- TRAIT TRAIT THEORIES general (covering all situations) underlying (inside of and part of the person) enduring (long lasting) predisposition (an inclination or motive formed earlier) CATTELL - EYSENCK’s hierarchical organisation of personality 12/6/2018

EYSENCK’S PERSONALITY TRAIT DIMENSIONS WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS A - B - C - D? A stable extrovert talkative, outgoing, easy going, carefree, showing leader qualities B neurotic extrovert restless, aggressive, excitable, changeable C neurotic introvert anxious, sober, rigid, pessimistic D stable introvert careful, thoughtful, controlled, reliable, even tempered 12/6/2018

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY (CATTELL) TYPE A characterised by : impatience works at a rapid pace higher levels of stress easily aroused strong desire to succeed anxiety in stressful situations lacking in tolerance has a need to be in control makes decisions quickly without much preparation or thought TYPE B characterised by : relaxed and patient allow time for tasks to be completed tolerance of others’ mistakes delegates easily low personal stress calm and unflappable in most situations less competitive prepared to wait and assess all options when decisions need to be made 12/6/2018

THE STRUCTURE OF CATTELL’S 16PF QUESTIONNAIRE 12/6/2018

EYSENCK AND CATTELL’S HIERARCHICAL MODEL 12/6/2018

EVALUATION OF TRAIT THEORIES have a lack of sophistication have problems of validity - how do you confirm that the traits exist? TRAITS do not predict behaviour are seen as rigid (they are supposed to be enduring and fixed with time) the notion that traits are enduring is seen as too long-term - people think that personality factors can change with time subject to situations which occur which might change these factors THE TRAIT APPROACH is seen as being too simple and therefore produces a limited view of what personality actually is fails to recognise that people are actively involved in constructing their own personalities and fails to recognise the effects of environmental situations as predicted by social learning and interactionist theories 12/6/2018

OCR National Diploma in Sport Level 3 Assessment Objective 2 Personality Situational and interactionist approach 12/6/2018

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY - SOCIAL LEARNING SOCIALISATION sport has a socialising effect participation in sport establishes norms and values of our society BANDURA behaviour is determined by the situation social comparison behaving the same way as the peer group social approval or disapproval determines our responses behaviour is reinforced or penalised VICARIOUS CONDITIONING the learning of emotional responses through observational learning example : learning to become angry after a valid referee decision has gone against him / her by watching other players do the same SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY explains behaviour in terms of the reaction to specific situations we learn to deal with situations by observing others or by observing the results of our own behaviour on others and by modelling our own behaviour on what we have seen athletes learn behaviour by watching others 12/6/2018

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Theories Related to the Learning of Movement Skills SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY learning by copying others (observational learning) Bandura the performer is more likely to copy 'significant others’ those who are seen as high status role models demonstration of the skill (by significant others) is followed by the learning process attention (learner takes note of the demonstration) retention (learner remembers the demonstration) motor reproduction (learner attempts to copy the movement) and is motivated to do so finally produces a matching performance (successful reproduction of the skill) the learner copies because he / she wishes to be accepted by others or to be held in high esteem skills are often copied : to achieve the success that others enjoy and to be praised 12/6/2018

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY - INTERACTIONIST INTERACTIONIST THEORIES traits determine behaviour but can be modified by situations traits situations behaviour LEWIN behaviour is a function of both the person (personality P) and the environment (E) B = f(P,E) 12/6/2018

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY - INTERACTIONIST EXAMPLE OF INTERACTIONIST THEORY APPROACH a young field event athlete shows promise, but worries about competing in important competitions and underperforms in these situations her coach works with her on anxiety management strategies and in her next competition she achieves a personal best the innate (trait) factors of the athlete’s personality cannot be changed by a coach so the coach must therefore get her to view her anxiety (which could be a trait which emerges whenever undue stress is placed on her) in terms of the specific situation of the next competition the anxiety could be channelled into positive images of her technical model rejecting poor efforts as due to external factors (the the weather / wind) and building on positive images of successful technical elements achieved the athlete can then build success by this focusing on factors other than her own anxiety this enables her to adjust her behaviour according to internal factors such as rhythm and fluency this strategy should enable the athlete to remove the stress from the situation and hence reduce anxiety - even if she competes poorly 12/6/2018

OCR National Diploma in Sport Level 3 Assessment Objective 2 Personality Links and Measurements 12/6/2018

THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH TO PERSONALITY THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH based on Freud’s work which includes the notion that personality is a combination of instincts instincts are innate (traits) and inherited from parents two types of instinct : DEATH INSTINCTS destructive and dangerous such as aggression LIFE INSTINCTS positive and creative such as the need to achieve the approach says that certain behaviours are out of conscious control but can be overwritten by learned behaviours COMPONENTS OF MIND ID the basic biological determinant of behaviour includes food, love, sex EGO ensures that we behave in ways which won’t damage us includes the self-concept SUPEREGO includes our ideal self based on an image of our parents how we would like to be in a perfect world includes moral control, but leads to guilt and conflict 12/6/2018

PERSONALITY STRUCTURE - HOLLANDER PSYCHOLOGICAL CORE beliefs and values that remain more or less permanent example : a sportsman’s belief that fair play underlies his attitude on the field of play TYPICAL RESPONSES the way in which an individual responds in certain situations example : stopping fighting at the bell ROLE RELATED BEHAVIOUR in other situations we may behave differently example : striking after the bell when annoyed or frustrated SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT how the behaviour and expectations of others affect our role example : a player argues with the referee because others have done so and got away with it before 12/6/2018

STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY - MARTENS 12/6/2018

MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY INTERVIEWS before or after the event not directly related to performance open ended and flexible transient feelings or attitudes may be expressed difficult to quantify accurately may be influenced by the interviewer QUESTIONNAIRES before or after the event not directly related to performance rigidly and systematically set out transient feelings or attitudes may be expressed able to quantify accurately would not be influenced by another can be used to assess specific traits OBSERVATION made during an actual event directly related to performance varies according to the competitive nature of the event difficult to quantify accurately may be influenced by the observer’s views and attitudes 12/6/2018

Games players stable extroverts RESEARCH FINDINGS Games players stable extroverts Sports person’s personalities do not differ from the general public Only trait to differ is intelligence which they score higher Traits: type of sport Traits: positional Extreme extroverts have ability and the need to express themselves, their ideas etc. high confidence in new situations, high opinions of themselves and their ideas. They would be socially outgoing and tend to be the leader of their group. Extreme introverts little wish, or ability to express their ideas, very quiet when in a group, with no wish to expose themselves or their ideas in new situations. 12/6/2018

Introverts perform better at a lower level of arousal. (RAS) RESEARCH FINDINGS Extroverts tend to produce better sporting results when they are highly aroused. Introverts perform better at a lower level of arousal. (RAS) Extroverts are more likely to seek sports with high levels of arousal and more likely to seek team games. Introverts perform better at fine skills. Extroverts perform better at gross skills. Extroverts prefer sports that have plenty of activity and uncertainty. Cross country would be better for introverts. 12/6/2018

PERSONALITY TRAITS OF INTEREST TO SPORTS COACHES Introversion Extroversion Neuroticism – the more neurotic a person is the less likely they are to take part in sport. Achievement needed Anxiety Aggression 12/6/2018