Markers of cancer cell and lymphocytes in inflammatory infiltration around a tumour as potential markers of immunomodulatory treatment response. Markers.

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Markers of cancer cell and lymphocytes in inflammatory infiltration around a tumour as potential markers of immunomodulatory treatment response. Markers of cancer cell and lymphocytes in inflammatory infiltration around a tumour as potential markers of immunomodulatory treatment response. Dendritic cells (DCs) recognise cancer cell antigens and display them to cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), which destroy the tumour cell by apoptosis (long arrow). Interferon (IFN)-γ is capable of supporting this reaction. The process is inhibited by type-2 macrophages (M2), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Suppression and regulation processes are enhanced by cytokines: transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-17. The following antigens are expressed the most commonly: melanoma antigen MAGE-A3, glycoprotein antigen MUC-1, PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) and PD-L2, Fas ligand (FasL) and thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1. CTLs express CD3, CD8, apoptotic factor (Fas), checkpoint molecules cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death protein (PD)-1, and LAG-3 (lymphocyte activation gene 3). The markers of Tregs are CD25, the Foxp3 transcription factor, PD-1, CTLA-4 and GITR (glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor). Joanna Domagala-Kulawik, and Agata Raniszewska Breathe 2017;13:291-296 ©2017 by European Respiratory Society