Participles

Present participles /staying, leaving/ Past participles /stayed, left/ Perfect participles /having stayed, having left/

What somebody, something is? Used as adjectives Present participle Past participle What kind? What somebody, something is? It was an exciting film. /what kind of film?/ Biology is a boring lesson. /what kind of lesson? How do you feel? How somebody feels? I was excited when I watched the film. /how did you feel?/ I was bored when teacher taught Biology. /how did you feel/

Used instead of relative pronoun and full verb Present participle Past participle The woman waving at me is my aunt. /the woman who is waving at me is my aunt/ The new shampoo advertised on TV is very expensive. /the new shampoo which is advertised on TV is very expensive/

To express reasons Present participle Perfect participle Feeling shy, Laura didn’t talk to Ben. /because she was shy, Laura didn’t talk to Ben/ Being tired, Katie went to bed. /because she was tired, Katie went to bed/ Having seen the film before, I decided to stay at home. /because I had seen the film before, I decided to stay at home/

To express time Perfect participle Present participle We met John while shopping. /we met John while we were shopping/ Having taken his Master’s degree, he applied for a job. /after he had taken his Master’s degree, he applied for a job/ Having made dinner, she called the children. /After she had made dinner, she called the children.

Actions happening immediately happen one after another Hearing the news, she fainted. /she heard the news and she fainted. Picking up her pen, Amy started to write the letter. /Amy picked up her pen and started to write the letter/

Avoid repeating the past continuous tenses in the same sentences She was laying on her bed reading a book. /She was laying on her bed and she was reading a book/