Structural Classification of the Nervous System 1. Central nervous system (CNS) 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial and spinal nerves

Classification of Neurons based on Function 1. Sensory (afferent) neurons (PNS) Special Sense Cutaneous sense organs Proprioceptors – 2. Association neurons (interneurons) CNS 3. Motor (efferent) neurons (PNS)

Neuron Classification Figure 7.6

Functions of Peripheral Nervous System (3 slides) Figure 7.1

Peripheral Nervous System Motor (efferent) division Two subdivisions - Somatic nervous system - Autonomic nervous system- 2 subdivisions Sympathetic Parasympathetic Figure 7.1

Organization of the Nervous System Figure 7.2

Compare/Contrast Motor Divisions SOMATIC NS AUTONOMIC NS 2 branches – sympathetic and parasympathetic Uses acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Figure 7.24

Autonomic NS Branches Parasympathetic- Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis Sympathetic – Remember as the “E” division = extreme exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment ** Both systems work in conjunction with one another to maintain homeostasis**

Quick Write Create a concept map showing the different branches of the nervous system and what they do

Types of Supporting Cells Neuroglia – Nerve Glue (supporting cells) AKA – glial cells Types Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells and Satellite Cells (PNS)

Astrocytes CNS: Support Cells Microglia Spider-like phagocytes Figure 7.3a

CNS: Support Cells Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes Produce myelin sheath around neurons Figure 7.3b–c

PNS: Support Cells (2 major types) 1. Satellite cells 2. Schwann cells Figure 7.3e

Quick Write Name 4 functions of the neuroglia in the nervous system:

Nervous Tissue: Neurons Neurons = nerve cells Function:

Neuron Anatomy Cell body Nissl substance Nucleus – Figure 7.4a

Neuron Anatomy Processes - Dendrites – Axons – Axonal Terminals – Figure 7.4a

Axons and Nerve Impulses Axons (cont’d) Synaptic cleft Synapse

Nerve Fiber Coverings Schwann cells – ? Oligodendrocytes - ? Nodes of Ranvier – Figure 7.5

Label a neuron

Review: Synaptic Cleft Video : Review “Creation and Propagation of a Nerve Impulse” How the brain works: beatboxing cockroach

B NOTES

Vocab:CNS CNS – contains mostly cell bodies Gray matter – Tracts - White matter –

4 Main Regions of the Brain 1. Cerebral hemispheres 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem 4. Cerebellum Brain song Figure 7.12b

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Gyri (pl) – Sulci (pl) – Fissures – Figure 7.13a

Lobes of the Cerebrum Lobes of the cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Insula Insula

Layers of the Cerebrum 3 slides Cerebral cortex (Gray matter) Figure 7.13a

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Speech, memory, consciousness, emotional and logical response, voluntary movement, interpretation of sensation Figure 7.13c

Cerebral Cortices Notes

Layers of the Cerebrum games Cerebral White matter Ex: corpus callosum connects hemispheres Figure 7.13a

Layers of the Cerebrum Basal nuclei (basal ganglia) – internal islands of gray matter Figure 7.13a

Diencephalon – “interbrain” Made of three parts Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

Diencephalon: Thalamus

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus Important autonomic n.s. center part of the limbic system Mammillary bodies (smell) hang off of hypothalamus

Diencephalon: Epithalamus Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland-sleep/wake cycles)

Review location/function on diencephalon Figure 7.15a

Brain Stem Parts of the brain stem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

Midbrain Mostly tracts of nerve fibers Cerebral peduncles- ascend and descend impulses Corpora quadrigemina -

Pons (“bridge”) Below midbrain

Medulla Oblongata Contains vital visceral? control centers

Review location/functions of 3 parts of brainstem

Reticular formation – gray matter running length of brain stem RAV – reticular activating system

Cerebellum balance and equilibrium

Protection of the Central Nervous System Brain review: mnemonic device Figure 7.16a

Meninges – 3 layers Dura mater – “tough or hard mother” Periosteum – Meningeal layer – Arachnoid layer Arachnoid villi – Pia mater (deepest)

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Similar to blood plasma Formed by the choroid plexus? (epithalamus) Hydrocephalus – Corrected by shunts

Blood Brain Barrier Composed of the least permeable capillaries of the body Useless against some substances Glucose and water Fats and fat soluble molecules Respiratory gases Alcohol Nicotine Anesthesia

Traumatic Brain Injuries Concussion Contusion Nervous tissue destruction occurs (stem cells?) Cerebral edema

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Stroke – 3rd leading cause of death TIA (transient ischemic attack) – “mini stroke” 80% of strokes are preventable

Alzheimer’s Disease Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits (beta amyloid) shortage of Ach twisted fibers within neurons (due to Tau (protein) malfunction) Symptoms:

Development Aspects of the Nervous System Fetal Development Child/Young Adult Development Elderly