Bullying in the 21st Century – Affects, Prevalence, and Interventions Presented by: Theresa Malky In fulfillment of Requirements for the course, Counseling Children and Adolescents December 4, 2017

How has bullying changed? Electronic Aggression Verbal, Physical and Social Centers for Disease Control (2015) defines “Electronic Aggression” as any type of harassment or bullying that occurs via e-mail, a chat room, instant messaging, Blog, web-site, or Text messaging.

Signs your Child may be a Victim of Bullying Comes home with unexplained injuries or with damaged or missing clothing or other belongings Has change in eating habits Makes excuses not to go to school Has fewer friends Feels helpless Talks about suicide Acts out of character Avoids certain places or playing outside alone Feels like they are not good enough Has trouble sleeping Blames themselves for their problems Sign of Children who may be Bullying others Becomes frequently violent Has trouble controlling anger. Is manipulative and controlling of others and situations. Is quick to blame others. Does not accept responsibility for their actions. Needs to win or be the best at everything.

Parental Bullying – Abused Children Children who encounter abusive relationships in the home (physical, sexual or both) have been associated with negative behavior and tend to be overly aggressive both verbally and physically. Response to anger with aggression becomes a familiar response mechanism. Difficulties arise developmentally affecting linguistic, behavioral, emotional, and social functioning. These difficulties result in conduct disorders, depression, anxiety, impaired relationships with peers who tend to avoid or reject them.

Proactive and Reactive Aggression Anxious and Depressive Behavior Underlying motives of aggressive behavior are defined as: reactive, provoked aggression versus proactive and unprovoked aggression as those that correlate with specific aggressive behavior. Contributing Factors Social Desirability Effortful Control Manipulativeness Remorselessness Proactive and Reactive Aggression Anxious and Depressive Behavior

Suicide Long-Term Adult Outcomes of Peer Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: Pathways to Adjustment and Maladjustment (McDougall, 2015). Cite the experience of being bullied is painful and difficult. Its negative impact — on academic functioning, physical and mental health, social relationships and self-perceptions — can endure across the school years. Negative outcomes that victims experience in childhood and adolescence and sometimes effect individuals into adulthood. Studies indicate several factors that lead to different outcomes including: biology, timing, support systems and self-perception.

Prevention Methods Multipronged approach includes for Prevention Educational Media Campaigns School Based Intervention Programs Parental Oversight Legislative Action Screening and Evidence-based Treatment by Health Care Providers and Counselors

Therapeutic Techniques Children 4-7 Years of Age Bibliotherapy Family Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Children 8 – 17 years of Age Peer Mediators – Mediator Training - School Environment Behavioral Therapy Child Centered Counseling

References Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V., Salame, W. O., (2015. Cyberbullying: Review of an Old Problem Gone Viral. Journal of Adolescent Health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57. 10-18. BING Images. (2017). Photographs, Images, and Icons. Retrieved from Bing.Com. Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. & Hooley, J. M. (2013). Abnormal Psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Copeland, W. E., Woke, D. Angold, A. (2013). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, (4) 419-426. Cyberbullying.Org. (2011). U.S. White House Conference on Bullying Prevention. Retrieved from https://cyberbullying.org/white-house-bullying-conference Henderson, D. A. & Thompson, C. L. (2016). Counseling Children (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2013). Social influences on cyberbullying behaviors among middle and high school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 711-722 McDougall. P. (2015). Bullying: What We Know Based On 40 Years of Research - APA journal examines science aimed at understanding causes, prevention. American Psychological Association. Washington DC. Author. Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2017). Digital self-harm among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61, (6) 761–766. Sontag, L. M., Clemans, K. H., Graber, J. A., & Lyndon, S. T. (2011). Traditional and cyber aggressors and victims: A comparison of psychosocial characteristics. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 392-404