Molecules of Life Organic Compounds

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds All major compounds are divided into these 2 major categories.

Determine the difference between organic and inorganic compounds… Your Turn! Determine the difference between organic and inorganic compounds… ORGANIC Glucose – C6H12O6 Glycerol – C3H5O3 Alanine – C3H6NO2 Testosterone – C19H28O2 Benzene – C6H6 INORGANIC Water – H2O Carbon Dioxide – CO2 Oxygen – O2 Copper Chloride – CuCl2 Hydrochloric Acid – HCl Show the students the organic examples. What do they notice? Then show them the inorganic examples. What differences exist between the two groups? Support student observations to note that all the organic compound examples contain carbon and hydrogen, while inorganic compounds do not.

The element carbon is the key to organic compounds! Carbon has an atomic number of 6.

Your Turn! Draw a diagram of a carbon atom. Hint: 1st electron shell fills with 2 electrons 2nd electron shell fills with 8 electrons What observations can you make about carbon? After the students make their drawing…students should note that carbon has four openings in the outer shell and will look to make covalent bonds with additional atoms.

Your Turn! What is a monomer? What is a polymer? Show the students the three examples and have students draw conclusions about the definitions. Transition into the definition of a macromolecule.

Macromolecules of Life Key Vocabulary… Organic compound = compounds that contain a carbon-hydrogen bond Inorganic compound = compounds that do NOT have a carbon-hydrogen bond Monomer = one piece Polymer = many pieces Macromolecule = large polymers Review all of the key vocabulary words that the students have learned.

Molecules of Life: Organic Compounds Essential to the life processes of ALL living things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids They are all built from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

CARBOHYDRATES (made of C,H and O) Used by living things as the main source of energy The breakdown of sugar supplies immediate energy for cell activities

SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES Monomer = Monosaccharide Most common monosaccharides; a “simple sugars”: Glucose, fructose, & galactose ISOMERS – single chemical formula but have different forms

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharides Composed of two monosaccharides; a “double sugar” Ex: sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) Polysaccharides Composed of three or more monosaccharides Ex: glycogen (the way animals store glucose) Ex: starch (the way plants store glucose) Ex: cellulose (gives plants strength and rigidity)

CARBOHYDRATES Function of simple: quick energy Function of complex: short term energy storage Where they are found in the body/cell: Mitochondria Chloroplast (plants only) Liver and muscles

LIPIDS (made of C,H, and O) Used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings in plants. Examples of Lipids: Fats Oils Waxes Steroids

LIPIDS Monomer = Fatty Acid nonpolar

LIPIDS: Phospholipids Make up cell membranes The carboxyl end (CHO – end) is polar and is attracted to water HYDROPHILIC The hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and is repelled by water HYDROPHOBIC

LIPIDS Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated Fatty Acids The carbons in the chain are connected by a single bond and contains the MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGENS

LIPIDS Saturated vs. Unsaturated Unsaturated Fatty Acids There is at LEAST ONE carbon-carbon double bond Most oils are unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid at room temperature.

LIPIDS Where they are found in the body/cell: Cell membrane

PROTEINS (made of C,H,O, and N) Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. These proteins are known as enzymes. Some are used to form bones and muscles. Others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

PROTEINS Monomer = Amino Acid 20 different amino acids Long chains of amino acids are known as a polypeptide Proteins are composed of one or more polypeptides

PROTEINS Where they are found in the body/cell: In the cell membrane Muscle cells Throughout the cell/body

NUCLEIC ACIDS (made up of C,H,O,N, and P) Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. Monomer = Nucleotide Two Types of Nucleic Acids: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

NUCLEIC ACIDS Where they are found in the body/cell: Nucleus

Macromolecule Foldable Fold each side towards the middle to mimic a set of shutters or a french-style door Fold in half (hamburger fold), then fold in half again (another hamburger fold)

Macromolecule foldable Front left flap – draw an example of the macromolecule Front right flap – list the elements Inside main flap – list the macromolecule, its main functions, and some examples Inside left flap – list where it is found in the body Inside right flap – list the monomer

Macromolecule Foldable Fold lengthwise (hot dog fold) Fold in half (hamburger fold) Fold in half again (hamburger fold) Cut one side at folds (3 cuts)

Macromolecule Foldable Write down one organic molecule on each flap (one color for each macromolecules) On one inside flap: Draw a picture of the organic molecule Include 2 examples On the other inside flap write down the: Elements found in that macromolecule Monomer Function/importance Location (in the cell/in the body)

Organic Macromolecule Lab Lab station Exp. Grp 1 Exp. Grp 2 Cntrl Grp 1 A B E 2 C D 3 4 5 6 7 8 Each group will test 2 different unknown solutions and one control group (see table) Follow the directions carefully and accurately Follow all lab safety Wash all glassware between each trial and when you are finished

Condensation Reactions… monomers link to form polymers. through the process, water is made as a byproduct Remember: Condensation reactions are when monomers come together to make polymers.

Condensation Reaction + H2O

Hydrolysis… The addition of water molecules to break down polymers It is the OPPOSITE of condensation reactions.

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP… Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a very important energy compound for cells. WATER H + OH Adenosine Diphosphate