Evolution Life wants to live. Environments change, therefore organisms must adapt to that change in order to survive

The characteristics of a species can be changed by:   selective breeding natural selection genetic engineering

Selective breeding Humans taking charge of selection (breeding) to produce new varieties of various species. http://www.dogbreedcollectibles.com/images/alldogs-layout-breed-collec.jpg

Humans breed dogs for desired characteristics. www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/bio_dogs.gif&imgrefurl

Shasta daisies and Russet Potatoes were some of Luther Burbank’s most successful creations by the process of selective breeding

Number of generations needed for change very many many one Natural selection Selective breeding Genetic engineering Number of generations needed for change very many many one Human intervention not needed needed Desired outcome known? no yes New species formed? Notes This is the mechanism of change in Darwin's theory of evolution This is how new varieties or breeds are usually produced Genetic information can come from the same species or from a different one ://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/bio_dogs.gif&imgrefurl

Outbreeding The mating of organisms with very different characteristics. The effect is genetic hybridization Ex. One tall plant with one short plant T t t Tt tt t Tt tt

Inbreeding The mating of very similar individuals to keep certain traits present. Ex. The mating of two tall plant keeps all the offspring tall. T T T TT TT t Tt Tt

Inbreeding/Outbreeding

Scientists recognize that if Humans can create so much diversity through selective breeding, that it is possible these animals would have mated anyway and would have created this diversity on their own. This =Natural Selection

Over time, a species appearance, and behavior can adapt and change. Natural selection The individuals in any population with the inherited features best suited to the environment in which they live are most likely to survive and reproduce. When they do, they pass on the genetic information for these features to their offspring.   Over time, a species appearance, and behavior can adapt and change. They may even become a new species, unable to reproduce successfully with individuals of the original species.

Who was Charles Darwin? What were his ideas about Natural Selection Insect eaters Bud eater Seed eaters Cactus eater Warbler finch Tree finches Ground finches 2006-2007 12

Charles Darwin Proposed a way how evolution works How did creatures change over time? by natural selection Collected a lot of evidence to support his ideas Lived 1809-1882 British naturalist What did Darwin say? What evidence supports Evolution by Natural Selection? What impact did Evolution have on biology? 13

Voyage of the HMS Beagle Stopped in Galapagos Islands 500 miles off coast of Ecuador The origin of the fauna of the Galapagos, 900 km west of the South American coast, especially puzzled Darwin. On further study after his voyage, Darwin noted that while most of the animal species on the Galapagos lived nowhere else, they resembled species living on the South American mainland. It seemed that the islands had been colonized by plants and animals from the mainland that had then diversified on the different islands 14

Galapagos Recently formed volcanic islands. Most of animals on the Galápagos live nowhere else in world, but they look like species living on South American mainland. 800 km west of Ecuador 15

Darwin found…many unique species Many of Darwin’s observations made him wonder… Why? Darwin asked: Why were these creatures found only on the Galapagos Islands? 16

Darwin found…clues in the fossils present day Armadillos Darwin found…clues in the fossils Darwin found: Evidence that creatures have changed over time ancient Armadillo Darwin asked: Why should extinct armadillos & modern armadillos be found on same continent? 17

But Darwin found… a lot of finches Darwin was amazed to find out: All 14 species of birds were finches… How did they get to the island? But there is only one species of finch on the mainland! Large ground finch Darwin asked: If the Galapagos finches came from the mainland, why are they so different now? Warbler finch Tree finch Woodpecker? Warbler?

The finches cinched it! Darwin said: Ahaaaa! A flock of South American finches were stranded on the Galapagos… Darwin found: The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate. Finch? Sparrow? Woodpecker? Warbler? Large ground finch Big seed eater Small seed eater Small ground finch Warbler finch Insect eater Tree finch Leaf & bud eater

The finches cinched it! Darwin found: The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate. He hypothesized that those that had variations better adapted to the food source would be more successful breeding. Big seed eater Insect eater Leaf & bud eater Warbler finch

The finches cinched it! Darwin found: The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate. different beaks are inherited variations serve as adaptations that help birds compete for food these birds survive & pass on the genes for those more fit beaks over time nature selected for different species with different beaks depending on the food source

Charles Darwin took his research and hypothesis and published his book The Origin of Species by Natural Selection Insect eaters Bud eater Seed eaters Cactus eater Warbler finch Tree finches Ground finches Lets examine the main precepts and supporting evidence. 22

Descent with Modification by Natural Selection Darwin logically states if all living things come from other living things then modern day life must have descended from common ancestors. Newer forms of life in the fossil record are actually modified descendents of older species. Populations are modified by limiting factors, such as war, disease, lack of food, or lack of space, predators, or climate changes.

Evidence of Evolution Homologous structures Analogous structures Beaks of birds Forelimbs of vertebrates Similarities in embryology DNA DNA fingerprinting Analogous structures Bird and insect wings Vestigial structures Human appendix Whale leg bones

Homologous structures. Vestigial structures

Supportive Geology review Steno- Law of superposition Relative age, Absolute age

Fossils.. How to read bones? Who came first? Law of superposition, succession of forms,

Closer related would have more traits in common. Evidence of change If natural selection is happening then organisms are in a constant state of change equaled to that of their environment. Common ancestor Closer related would have more traits in common. Where could you find these common traits? Cladistics Patterns in evolution

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Patterns of Evolution Co-evolution

Convergent Evolution: Recurrence of Form   Organisms that look remarkably alike are sometimes the result of convergent evolution — although they look similar, they evolved not from an immediate common ancestor with their traits, but within separate lineages that initially lacked them.                                                                                          Compare the torpedo-shaped body of a fish with the body of a swimming mammal, like a dolphin or a whale. The first mammals were terrestrial and walked on four limbs. As the ancestors of the cetaceans adapted to swimming, their limbs were reduced and their body shape converged on the typical fish shape.

Divergent Evolution Adaptive Radiation

Genetic sequences…