1198 Innocent III (p ) calls for

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Presentation transcript:

1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for new Crusade Fourth Crusade 1202 Crusaders gather at Venice 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople, set up Latin Empire there (until 1261)

1218 Forces of Fifth Crusade attack Egypt, take Damietta (in 1219) 1221 Muslims defeat Crusaders Al-Kamil (r. 1218-38)

1215 Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor, 1215-50), takes crusading vow, but delays and is excommunicated 1226 Al-Kamil contacts Frederick 1228 Frederick arrives in Holy Land

Feb 1229 Frederick II negotiates the handover of Jerusalem with al-Kamil Dome of the Rock Aqsa Mosque 17/3/1229 Frederick II crowns self king in Jerusalem 1244 Turks take Jerusalem

June 1249 Louis IX of France (r. 1226-70) takes Damietta. Al-Salih (r. 1240-9) dies, but wife Shajar al-Durr conceals his death Feb 1250 Muslims defeat Crusaders, capture Louis IX and temporarily hold him prisoner May 1250 Mamluk takeover in Egypt (rule until 1517) 1260 Mamluks complete conquest of Syria

1268 Mamluks take Antioch 1289 Mamluks take Tripoli 1291 Mamluks take Acre

Criticism of crusading: Innocent III directing Crusades against pagans, heretics (incl. Albigensians, 1209-29), but also political opponents Alternatives: Children’s Crusade (1212), Shepherds’ Crusade (1251) Blame of military orders Objections to taxation (e.g. Saladin Tithe)

Attempts at conversion; e.g. 1219 St Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) preaches to al-Kamil

Impact of the Crusades: On bureaucracies On women On Jews On trade and exploration On the Muslim world