Chapter 20; Section 1 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Conservatives prefer the old order / doesn’t like change Main Idea #2: Liberals promote and like change (believe in protection of rights) Main Idea #3: Nationalism – people who promote unity based on a common heritage Nationalism spreads throughout Europe Main Idea #4: In Central Europe the Ottoman Empire, specifically Serbia, experienced revolution

Chapter 20; Section 1 Notes Section 1; An Age of Ideologies (systems of thought and belief) between conservatives and liberals plunged Europe into 30 years of turmoil (conservative vs. liberal activity) Conservatives Prefer the Old Order (successful at the Congress of Vienna) and believed talk of natural rights and constitutional government led to chaos

Chapter 20; Section 1 Notes Liberals & Nationalists Seek Change as they constantly challenged rulers igniting a number of revolts Liberals (“bourgeois liberalism”) Promise Freedom wanting constitutions and separation of powers; Believed government should protect basic rights of freedom of thought, speech, religion; Support laissez-faire economics Nationalists Strive for Unity as nationalist groups (those who shared a common heritage) set out to win their own states

Chapter 20; Section 1 Notes Central Europe Challenges the Old Order as revolutions began in the Balkan Peninsula (Ottoman Empire) Serbia Seeks Independence (1804-1813) using guerrilla warfare, but it was unsuccessful Greece Revolts to End Ottoman Rule calling it “a national war,” a holy war, a war to regain the rights and individual liberties; By 1830 Greece was independent More Challenges Erupt in Spain, Portugal, and various states in the Italian peninsula (all struggling for constitutional governments)

Chapter 20; Section 1 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Conservatives…. Main Idea #2: Liberals… Main Idea #3: Nationalism… Main Idea #4: In Central Europe…

Chapter 20; Section 2 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Revolution of 1830 (French) occurred during the July Revolution and the election of the “citizen king” Main Idea #2: Revolution of 1848 (French) occurred due to a recession, and was crushed by the government Main Idea #3: Revolution spreads in Europe in 1830 to Belgium and Poland, and in 1848 to Italy, Austrian Empire, and German states

Chapter 20; Section 2 Notes full scale revolts French Rebels Win in 1830 even though Louis XVIII issued a constitution, a two house legislature, and allowed limited freedom of the press (Kings retained most of the power) Citizens Lead the July Revolution as a reaction to the French King Charles X suspending the legislature, rejecting the constitution, limiting the right to vote Liberals and radicals responded by putting up barricades and attacking soldiers and within days rebels controlled Paris; Charles X abdicated The “Citizen King” (Louis Philippe, cousin of Charles X) Rules France supported by the bourgeoisie, extended suffrage to the upper class, and implemented policies favoring the middle class

Chapter 20; Section 2 Notes The Spirit of Reform Spreads as other uprisings in Europe occurred following the French revolt of 1830; As Metternich said, “When France sneezes, Europe catches cold.” Belgium Wins Independence; Polish rebels failed in a revolt in 1830

Chapter 20; Section 2 Notes The French Revolt Again in 1848 as a recession took its toll on industry and agriculture Turmoil Spreads During “February Days” as French citizens revolted when the government tried to silence critics; citizens overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees to block streets; Men and women on the barricades sang the revolutionary anthem “La Marseillaise” and clashed with royal troops The working class loses out in “June Days” as they attempt to rebel against the middle class (killing 1,500 people). The bourgeois eventually crack down on them, however, and crush the rebellion. A New Napoleon Comes to Power as a new constitution was issued for the Second Republic creating a strong president, a one house legislature, and gave all men the right to vote Napoleon III (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) was elected, and proclaimed himself emperor effetely ending the Second Republic and the beginning of the Second Empire

Chapter 20; Section 2 Notes Revolution Surges Through Europe as middle-class liberals wanted a greater share of political power and protect the basic rights of all male citizens; workers demanded relief from miseries of the Industrial Revolution; nationalist wanted to over throw foreign rule Change in the Austrian Empire occurred as revolts broke out in major cities, demanding an independent government, an end to serfdom, and a written constitution (Revolution failed) Revolts in Italy began as nationalists wanted to end Hapsburg domination and set up a constitutional government; states took it upon themselves to set up individual independent republics, expelled the Pope (Revolution failed) Rebellion in the German States began as hard economic times hit King Fredrick William IV was forced to sign a constitution The Frankfurt Assembly offered Prussia’s King Frederick William IV the crown of a united Germany, and Frederick rejected the offer because he said the offer “came from the gutter” (offer came from the people)

Chapter 20; Section 2 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Revolution of 1830 (French)… Main Idea #2: Revolution of 1848 (French)… Main Idea #3: Revolution spreads in Europe in 1830….

Chapter 20; Section 3 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Causes of Latin American Revolutions were social structures, enlightenment ideas, and colonial rule Main Idea #2: Haiti and Mexico both win independence Main Idea #3: South American Revolution was led by Bolivar and san Martin (huge success) Main Idea #4: Brazil gained independence peacefully (Dom Pedro)

Chapter 20; Section 3 Notes Section 3; Revolts in Latin America occurred throughout, and by 1825 most of Latin America was freed from colonial rule Discontent fans the fires as revolutions were rooted in a social, racial, and political system which had emerged through 300 years of colonial rule Social & Ethnic Structures Cause Resentment (4 groups)… Peninsulares – Spanish born, highest social class, dominated social and political life Creoles – European descendants, bitterly resented their second class status, and many owned haciendas (ranches and mines); Mestizos –American and European descent; Mulattoes –African and European descent The Enlightenment Inspires Latin Americans as creoles read the works of the Enlightenment thinkers and watch the American Revolution take place; Young creoles (like Simon Bolivar) traveled to Europe and were inspired by the ideals of “liberty, equality, and fraternity”

Chapter 20; Section 3 Notes Slaves Win Freedom for Haiti as Toussaint L’Ouverture (self-educated former slave) Leads a Slave Revolt; By 1798 slavery was abolished and Haiti was free

Chapter 20; Section 3 Notes Mexico and Central America Revolt but most creoles were afraid of losing power Father Hidalgo Cries Out for Freedom in Mexico calling Mexicans to fight for independence (Hidalgo was captured and executed) Jose Morelos (Father and mestizo) Continues the Fight for Mexican freedom leading rebel forces for 4 years until he was captured and shot in 1815 Mexico Wins Independence as creoles, mestizos, and native Mexicans overthrew the Spanish viceroy, Iturbide took the title Emperor Agustin I; He would fall, and the Republic of Mexico began in 1821

Chapter 20; Section 3 Notes Revolution Ignites South America in the 1800s as creoles sparked a widespread drive for independence Bolivar Begins the Fight in Venezuela, years of civil war followed, Bolivar marched his army across the Andes attacking the Spanish army in present day Columbia and won, and he would be called “the Liberator” as he moved on to Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (joining with Jose de San Martin) San Martin (Creole) Joins the Fight as he was born in Argentina, had military training in Europe, and helped Argentina win is freedom in 1816; Martin would go on to fight the Spanish across the Andes from Argentina to Chile and would turn his command over to Bolivar in 1822 Freedom Leads to Power Struggles as Gran Colombia (one single massive nation) split into 4 countries (Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador) Brazil Gains Independence as the Portuguese royal family left, but Dom Pedro (son of the Portuguese king) stayed to rule in Brazil; Newly freed Brazil followed enlightenment ideas

Bolivar… San Martin… A B Try and match the correct path the revolutionary path of Bolivar and Jose de San Martin…. Bolivar… San Martin… A B

Chapter 20; Section 3 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Causes of Latin American Revolutions were… Main Idea #2: Haiti and Mexico… Main Idea #3: South American Revolution was led by… Main Idea #4: Brazil gained independence…