اسيد های آمينه و پروتئين ها

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اسيد های آمينه و پروتئين ها اسيد های آمينه پروتئينها تقسيم بندی اسيد های آمينه نقش بيولوژيک پروتئينها -مونوآمين –مونواسيد خطی ساختمان پروتئينها -مونوآمين –مونواسيد الکلی خواص فيزيکوشيميايي پروتئينها -مونوآمين –مونواسيد گوگرد دار روشهاي جداسازی پروتئينها -مونوآمين –مونواسيد حلقوی تقسيم بندي پروتئينها -مونوآمين –دي اسيد اسيدي - پروتئينها ي ساده -مونوآمين –مونواسيد آميدی - پروتئينهاي مرکب -دي آمين –مونواسيد بازي ساختمان و عملکرد هموگلوبين خواص اسيدهاي آمينه تيتراسيون اسيدهاي آمينه پپتيدها تعيين توالی پپتيدها

اسيدهای آمينه: D &L ايزومر

تقسيم بندي اسيد های آمينه 1- تقسيم بندي از لحاظ غذايي: -الف:اسيد های آمينه ضروری: هيستيدين-آرژنين-ليزين-لوسين-ايزولوسين-متيونين-تريپتوفان-تره اونين-فنيل آلانين-والين -ب:اسيدهای آمينه غير ضروری: آلانين- پرولين-سرين-گلايسين-تيروزين-آسپارتيک اسيد-گلوتاميک اسيد-آسپارژين-گلوتامين-سيستئين 2- تقسيم بندي از لحاظ قطبی بودن(پولاريته): 3- تقسيم بندي ازلحاظ ريشه جانبی: -الف:غير قطبی: -ب:قطبی: بقيه12 اسيدهای آمينه

اسيدهای آمينه غير قطبی(آليفاتيک) مونو آمين –مونوکربوکسيل(اسيد): Gly ,Ala : 1-خطي Ileu,leu,Val 2- شاخه دار: گلايسين آلانين والين متيونين لوسين ايزولوسين

مونو آمين-مونواسيد(آلکلي) مونو آمين-مونواسيد(گوگرددار) سرين تره اونين الکل نوع اول الکل نوع دوم متيونين سيستئين تيواتر گروه تيول سيستين

مونو اسيد-مونوآمين حلقوي شاخه جانبي غير قطبي= پرولين هيستيدين تيروزين تريپتوفان ايمينواسيد فنيل آلانين حلقه ايميدازول حلقه ايندولی حلقه بنزني حلقه فنلی

دي اسيد-مونوآمين (اسيدي) مونوآمين-مونواسيد(آميدی) اسيد آسپارتيک اسيد گلوتاميک آسپارژين گلوتامين گروه آميدی

دی آمين-مونواسيد (بازی) هيستيدين ليزين آرژنين گروه گوانيدو ايميدازول

منحنی تيتراسيون اسيدهای آمينه مونو اسيد -مونوآمين PH =- LogH+ PKa=- Log Ka PKb=- Log Kb PI= ايزوالکتريکPH

منحنی تيتراسيون اسيدهای آمينه اسيدي و بازي PI PI

تشکيل پيوند پپتيدی نام گذاري پپتيدها Ser-Gly-Tyr-Ala-Leu سريل-گلايسيل-تيروزيل-آلانيل-لوسين

شناسائی توالي پپتيدها -دي نيتروفلوربنزن(سانگر) - دانسيل کلرايد -فينيل ايزوتيوسيانات (ادمن) -دي نيتروفلوربنزن(سانگر) - دانسيل کلرايد -سيانوژن برومايد

پروتئين ها ساختمان: MW>5000 Da نقش بيولوژيک : -نقش آنزيمی -ترانسپورت -اسکلت سلولي -سيستم ايمني -پوست ،استخوان -هورمونها (انسولين،.........)

Structure of Protein

a-helixes Intra-chain H-bonds Secondary Structure

b-strands Inter-chain H-bonds Secondary Structure

طبقه بندی پروتئينها 1. Albumin آلبومين 2. Globulins گلوبين ها -رشته ای -کروی -ساده (فقط اسيد آمينه ) -مرکب (اسيد آمينه + ترکيب ديگر) - انواع پروتئين ها: 1. Albumin آلبومين  soluble in pure water; globular; includes many enzymes 2. Globulins گلوبين ها    soluble in dilute aqueous solutions (some ions - NaCl - added) 3. Protamines  پروتامين ها  not on solubility;  low MW proteins w 80% Arg & no Cys 4. Histones  هيستونها  unique; complexed w DNA; basic aa's > 90% Arg, Lys, His

fibrous protein - پروتئين های رشته اي: -محلول در آب : فيبرينوژن ، ميوزين ،اکتين ، تروپوميوزين ، تروپونِين -نا محلول در آب :کلاژن، آلفا کراتين ،الاستين ، - پروتئين های رشته اي:

COMPLEX protein made of aa's & some other macromolecule - هتروپروتئين ها :-گروه پروتئينی ( آپو پروتئين) + گروه غير پروتئينی ( گروه پروستاتيک)   1-نوکلئو پروتئين ها= nucleic acids:   ribosomes & other organelles 2- گليکو پروتئين ها = carbohydrates:   antibodies, receptors,LH,FSH,hcg.. 3- ليپو پروتئين ها = lipids:   blood, membrane, & transport proteins 4- فسفو پروتئين ها =phosphate:کازئين ، ويتلين.... 5-متالو پروتئين ها =Element: آنزيم تيروزينازحاوي مس ، گزانتين اکسيداز حاوی مولیبدن... 6-فلاو پروتئين ها =flavin: آنزيم سوکسينات دهيدروژناز.... 7- =کرومو پروتئين ها pigment: هموگلوبين ،ميوگلوبين ، سيتوکرومها ...

ساختمان کلاژن Primary structure = (X-Y-glycin) X,Y are often lysine or proline Tropocollagen (تروپوکلاژن )

Lysine and proline hydroxylation (hydroxylation occurs prior to triple helix) K P = hydroxyl (pro-OH) = hydroxyl (lys-OH)

Post-translational modification 2. (N. B Post-translational modification 2. (N.B.hydroxylation occurs prior to triple helix) = monosaccharide

Ends are cysteine-rich = monosaccharide

N-terminal protease

Extracellular processing 2. assembly of proto-fibrils membrane EXTRACELLULAR SPACE

Extracellular processing 3. fibril maturation membrane Note these primarily occur on Lys-OH =Allysine. Made by Lysine OXIDASE

Hemoglobin Structure گلوبين اکسيژن

Binding of oxygen to heme iron ( فرو)Ferrous is reduced and +2 charge ( فريک)Ferric is oxidized and +3 charge α

Stabilization of Protein Structure (Hemoglobin) Electrostatic interactions involve the interaction of (+) and (-) charged side groups. Hydrogen bonds involve sharing of a hydrogen atom between two eletronegative atoms (e.g., O, N). Van der Waal’s forces are weak forces based on optimal overlap of adjacent electronic orbitals. Hydrophobic interactions are, by far, the most powerful force stabilizing protein structure. By hydrophobic residues.

Myoglobin and Hemoglobin Mb is monomer, Hb is a tetramer (a2b2). Hb subunits are structurally similar to Mb, with 8 a-helical regions, no b-strands and no water. Both contain heme prosthetic group Both Mb and Hb contain proximal and distal histidines. Affinity of Mb for oxygen is high, affinity of Hb for oxygen is low.

Carbon dioxide diminishes oxygen binding Bohr Effect Carbon dioxide diminishes oxygen binding CO2 produced in metabolically active tissue (requires oxygen) Hydration of CO2 in tissues and extremities leads to proton production CO2 + H2O  HCO3- + H+ These protons are taken up by Hb forcing more oxygen to dissociate The reverse occurs in the lungs

Hb structural families Alpha family - a1, a2 - found in adult hemoglobins HbA1, HbA2. z - found in embryonic hemoglobins. Beta family - b - found in adult hemoglobin HbA1. d - found in adult hemoglobin HbA2. g - found in fetal hemoglobin HbF. e - found in embryonic hemoglobin .

Sickle cell hemoglobin