BY:Prof. Dr. Hossam Ibrahim El dossoky El – Shorouk Academy The Higher Institute of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department Fundamentals of Industrial Chemistry BY:Prof. Dr. Hossam Ibrahim El dossoky

Today’ Agenda Introduction Preparation of the ore production of the metals Purification of the Metals

Metallurgy Metallurgy“ The process of isolating the metal from an ore ” Ore: the starting material for obtaining a metal. It a complex mixture of the metallic matter and impurities. The isolation of a metal from its ore involves THREE major steps: Ore dressed ore impure metal pure metal 3 2 1

Preliminary treatment Steps Preparation of the ore Preliminary treatment after – treatment Production of the metal Conversion of metal to oxide Reduction of the metal oxides Purification of the metal Liquation Distillation Chemical method Zone refining

Preparation of the ore The preliminary treatment Crushing, grinding Washing off Removement of unwanted material b) After – treatment (Concentration of ore) By gravity methods Magnetic method Froth floating method leaching Liquation

The Preliminary treatment

b) after – treatment (Concentration of ore) By gravity methods

b) after – treatment (Concentration of ore) 2-Magnetic method

b) after – treatment (Concentration of ore) 3-Froth floating method

b) After – treatment (Concentration of ore) 4- Leaching Al2O3 + NaOH (aq) + H2O 2NaAl(OH)4 (aq) NaAl(OH)4 (aq) Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Al2O3 (s) + 3H2O (g) CO2 1200 oC

Production of the metal Conversion of ore to oxide Calcination Roasting Reduction of the metal oxides Auto – reduction Chemical reduction Electrolysis

Production of the metal Calcination CaCO3 CaO + CO2 The calcination is performed in a reverberatory furnace

Production of the metal Roasting 2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2 CuS + 2O2 2CuSO4 Reduction of the metal oxides Auto – reduction 2HgS + 3O2 2HgO + 2SO2  2HgO 2Hg + O2 Chemical reduction PbO + H2 Pb + H2O

Purification of the metal Liquation.   Poling. Distillation. Electrolysis. Complexation. The Van Arkel – Boer purification of metals

Purification of the metal Liquation.  This method can be used only when the m.p. of the metal is less than those of its impurities. Poling This method is suitable for purifying a metal contaminated with its oxide impurity. Distillation The metal to be refined is heated above its b.p. in a retort and the vapor is condensed to pure metal.

Purification of the metal Electrolysis. Anode : Cu(s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2℮- Cathode : Cu2+ (aq) + 2℮- Cu(s)

Purification of the metal Complexation. Ni(s) + 4CO (g) Ni(CO)4 (g) Ni(CO)4 (g) Ni(s) + CO (g) The Van Arkel – Boer purification of metals Ti (s) + 2I2 TiI4 (g) Ti (s) + 2I2 50-250°C 1400°C

For any problem, Please contact me: Prof. Dr. Hossam Ibrahim El dossoky Head of department of chemical engineering High Institute of Engineering Shorouk Academy E-mail: hosam61@yahoo.com “If You can not build your dreams in the atmosphere, You won’t build that in any other place”

Thank you for your attention!