Nazanin Farhadi, MSc, Laura Lambert, BA, Chiara Triulzi, PhD, Peter J

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Natural killer cell NKG2D and granzyme B are critical for allergic pulmonary inflammation⋆ Nazanin Farhadi, MSc, Laura Lambert, BA, Chiara Triulzi, PhD, Peter J.M. Openshaw, FMedSci, Nadia Guerra, PhD, Fiona J. Culley, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 133, Issue 3, Pages 827-835.e3 (March 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.048 Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Inflammation in HDM-allergic airway disease is NKG2D dependent. A, Lungs of wild type (WT) or NKG2D-deficient (KO) mice challenged with PBS or HDM. B, BAL fluid protein concentration. C, Total number of airway cells. D, differential counts. E, Total airway γδTCR+, NKp46+, CD3+CD8+, and CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes. F, Total airway IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ+ CD4+ lymphocytes. G, Total concentration and HDM specific serum IgE. Scale bar = 100 μm. ns, Not significant. *P < .05 and **P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014 133, 827-835.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.048) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 NKG2D ligand MULT-1 expression is upregulated in the lung during HDM-allergic inflammation. Mult-1 (ulbp1) (A) and rae-1 (B) gene family expression in whole lung in wild-type (WT) and NKG2D-deficient mice (KO) after 9 doses of HDM, as determined by RT-PCR. Expression is shown as fold change relative to PBS-challenged mice, normalized to GAPDH. ns, Not significant. *P < .05 and **P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014 133, 827-835.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.048) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Inflammatory responses after a single dose of HDM are unaltered in NKG2D-deficient mice. Wild-type (WT) or klrk1−/− mice (KO) mice received a single dose of HDM or PBS. cxcl1 (A), cxcl5 (B), and ccl2 (C) gene expression in the lung 24 hours after challenge relative to PBS-challenged mice. D, Numbers of airway neutrophils. E, NKp46+ cell numbers in the airways. ns, Not significant. **P < .01 and ***P < .001. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014 133, 827-835.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.048) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 NK cells are the major NKG2D+ lymphocyte population in the lung in allergic inflammation wild-type C57/Bl6 mice received HDM to induce allergic airway inflammation. A single-cell suspension of lung tissue was analyzed by flow cytometry for NKG2D expression. Cells were gated on single cells and live lymphocytes, then for NKG2D+ cells. The proportion of NKG2D+ cells that are in each lymphocyte subset is shown in representative plots. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014 133, 827-835.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.048) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 Restoration of airway inflammation by adoptive transfer of wild-type but not granzyme B deficient NK cells. A, Protocol for adoptive transfer. B, Lung histology of klrk1−/− mice that received NK cells from klrk1−/− mice (KO+KO); wild-type mice (KO+WT) or granzyme B deficient mice (KO+GZMB−/−). C, Total airway cells and differential counts. D, Airway lymphocyte numbers and cytokine-producing CD4+ cells. E, Serum IgE measurements. F, Adoptive transfer of CD3+ lymphocytes. Scale bar = 100 μm. ns, Not significant. *P < .05 and **P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014 133, 827-835.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.048) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig E1 NKp46+ cell numbers in the airways over a time course of HDM-induced airway inflammation 9 doses of HDM were administered to BALB/c mice over 3 weeks to induce allergic airway inflammation. TH2 cell (A), eosinophil (B), andNKp46+ (C) cell numbers in the airways after 1, 4, and 9 doses of allergen. ns, Not significant. **P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014 133, 827-835.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.048) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig E2 Phenotypic analysis of airway NKp46+ cells in HDM-allergic inflammation. A, CD69 expression in lung lymphocytes in PBS- and HDM-challenged C57/Bl6 mice, and the total number of lung NKp46+CD69+ lymphocytes. B, Granzyme B expression in lung lymphocytes in PBS- and HDM-challenged mice, and the total number of lung NKp46+granzyme B+ lymphocytes. C, Expression of NKG2D and granzyme B in NKp46+ cells in the lungs in HDM-allergic inflammation. **P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014 133, 827-835.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.048) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig E3 Immune responses to respiratory viral infection are NKG2D independent. Wild-type (WT) or NKG2D-deficient (KO) mice were infected with RSV. A, Lung viral load. B, Total airway cell number. C, Differential counts. D, Airway NKp46+ and NKp46+IFN-γ lymphocyte numbers. E, Airway CD4+ and CD4+ IFNγ+ lymphocyte numbers. F, CD8+ and CD8+IFNγ+ lymphocyte numbers and granzyme B expression in CD8+ lymphocytes. ns, Not significant. *P < .05 and **P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014 133, 827-835.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.048) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions