Review of Ch. 11 DNA

These Structures Make Up the DNA Double Helix Nucleotide These Structures Make Up the DNA Double Helix Ladder Ladder Rungs

4 Nitrogen Bases A pairs with T C pairs with G

People with Discoveries Rosalind Franklin Edwin Chargoff, rules for base pairing Watson & Crick, basic model & structure of DNA – double helix

DNA Replication - The process of copying DNA molecules A person’s Genotype is their DNA sequence A person’s Phenotype is due to the many functions of proteins that were created by DNA Information Flow: DNA to RNA to Protein

How do we communicate information? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stays in the nucleus Proteins are created outside the nucleus Need something to send the information between them RNA (ribonucleic acid) Similar to DNA but key differences RNA is able to leave the nucleus Uses a nitrogenous base Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) Pairs with Adenine (A)

Protein Synthesis Transcription - DNA sequence converted to the form of a single-stranded RNA molecule Translation - converts nucleic acids language into amino acid language

3 types of RNA Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA

Mutations Mutations: is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. *Can change in large regions of chromosomes *Can change a single nucleotide *Can cause a big change in phenotype

Types of Mutations Substitution Deletion Insertion Silent (Doesn’t change amino acid sequence)