CH 5

5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules The special chemicals of life

Carbon & water are most important biomolecules to life 1. Identify carbon skeletons and functional groups in organic molecules. Carbon & water are most important biomolecules to life Carbon has 4 e- in highest energy level Can therefore make 4 bonds with other atoms Carbon bonds with other carbons in various shapes

Hydrocarbons= molecules made of C & H ONLY Good storage of energy (methane gas) Functional Groups: Groups of atoms that attach…giving specific properties

2. Relate monomers and polymers. Biomolecules can be HUGE in number of atoms Made up of smaller “chunks”=monomers Less than 50 different types Large chains of monomers= polymers 4 major groups of biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

3. Building & Breaking Polymers Adding monomers = dehydration reaction (removes water)

3. Building & Breaking Polymers Breaking polymers= hydrolysis reaction (water is added)

5.1 Vocabulary organic molecule inorganic molecule hydrocarbon functional group hydrophilic monomer polymer

5.2 Carbohydrates provide fuel and building materials. Video Clip

Carbohydrates AKA- Carbs 2 Types: Hydrophylic due to hydroxyl groups Provide immediate energy (sugars) Stored as longterm energy (starches) Hydrophylic due to hydroxyl groups

Describe the basic structure and function of sugars. Made of C, H, and O in the ratio of 1:2:1 Usually base shape is a carbon ring Simple sugars = monosaccharides Glucose, Sucrose, and Galactose Main supply of energy for cellular work If not used immediately, will be used to form larger molecules (starches or lipids)

Describe the basic structure and function of sugars cont. Disaccharides= two monosaccharides bonded together Most common: Sucrose 1 glucose bonded to 1 fructose Common in plant saps

Describe the basic structure and function of sugars cont. Polysaccharides= long chains made up of monomers Ex: starch Plant starch = in potatoes, corn, rice Good energy source Special plant starch for structure: cellulose (we cannot digest) is fiber Animal version of “starch” = glycogen

5.2 Vocabulary carbohydrate monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide starch glycogen cellulose

5.3 Lipids include fats and steroids Lipids, Oils, & Fats Video

Characteristic of lipids AKA: fats (and steroids) Hydrophobic =avoid water (do not mix with well) Act as boundaries between watery boundaries Serve as chemical messengers Serve to store energy

Structure & Function of Fats 3 Carbon chain(glycerol) with 3 fatty acids attached Saturated: contain maxi # of H & solid at room temp., common in animals Unsaturated: less than max # of H, liquid at room temp., common in plants Oils= liquid at room temperature Insulate body for temperature Store energy

Structure and function of steroids. Lipids b/c hydrophobic but very different Carbon skeleton is in 4 fused rings Some are chemical signals (estrogen & testosterone Cholesterol: essential in cell membranes Some forms known for causing heart disease

5.3 Vocabulary lipid hydrophobic fat saturated fat unsaturated fat steroid cholesterol

5.4 Proteins perform most functions in cells Video Clip

Proteins 10,000+ types Each with a unique 3-D shape Shape determines function Built from 20 different monomers (amino acids)

Functions of proteins. Found in hair, muscles Circulate in bloodstream to protect against microorgansims Control chemical reactions in cell

Structure of amino acids and proteins Amino Acids: 1 central Carbon with 4 side groups Hydrogen atom Carboxyl group Amine group ? (This is different in each amino acid) Amino acids are linked by dehydration reactions Form polypeptides (100+ a.a. long) Each sequence produces a new protein

Factors that influence protein shape. Shape determined by sequence and environmental conditions Water…pushes & pulls for hydrophylic/hydrophobic Other environmental changes can ruin the shape of the protein (denaturation)…won’t work Change in pH Change in temperature

5.4 Vocabulary protein amino acid polypeptide denaturation

5.5 Enzymes are Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Enzymes affect activation energy. Activation energy= energy added to a compound to “weaken” bond prepares for chemical reaction Enzymes serve as biological catalysts Allow reactions to take place at normal cell temperatures (with less energy) Names typically end in -ase

Enzymes shape & function Enzymes (substrate) fit into compound (active site) Shape unique to reactants Shape can be altered like other proteins

5.5 Vocabulary activation energy catalyst enzyme substrate active site

11.2 Nuclein Acids store information in the sequence of their units Nucleic Acid Video Clip

Building blocks of DNA. 2 Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid All made up of nucleotides: 1 Sugar 1 Phosphate 1 Nitrogen base (4 types)

Nitrogen Bases 2 Types of Nitrogen Bases Total of 4 Purines (2) Pyrimidines (2) Total of 4

DNA's structure and the rules for base pairing in DNA Sugars and phosphates Form “backbone” Nitrogen bases form “rungs” DNA is a double helix

Discovery of Structure 1950s Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins discovered double helix shape through X-rays James Watson and Francis Crick were creating models of DNA… created accurate model after seeing x-rays Model helped determine: purine pairs with pyrimidine (A & T) (G & C)

11.2 Vocabulary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nucleotide nitrogenous base pyrimidine purine double helix