Pulmonary Macrophages: A New Therapeutic Pathway in Fibrosing Lung Disease?  Adam J. Byrne, Toby M. Maher, Clare M. Lloyd  Trends in Molecular Medicine  Volume 22, Issue 4, Pages 303-316 (April 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.004 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Tissue Localization of Pulmonary Macrophages during the Development of Lung Fibrosis. (A) A schematic of a normal healthy lung tissue with normal lung architecture is depicted. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are located in the airway space. Interstitial macrophages (IMs) reside in the lung parenchyma. (B) A schematic of fibrotic lung tissue with normal or fibrotic regions and subepithelial fibroblastic foci consisting of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts is shown. Activated macrophages are ideally placed to influence these processes in the parenchyma and alveolar spaces. The bottom panel shows the legend key for the different cell types depicted in (A) and (B). Trends in Molecular Medicine 2016 22, 303-316DOI: (10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.004) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Macrophage-Derived Molecular Targets for the Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). Macrophage-driven, immune-regulated pathways appear to be central to all stages of the fibrotic process. Modulation of macrophages may therefore provide excellent opportunities for therapeutic intervention, particularly with inhaled compounds. This cartoon summarizes potential macrophage-specific therapeutic targets for the treatment of fibrotic lung disease. Abbreviations: Arg, arginase; FIZZ, found in inflammatory zone; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; IRF, interferon regulatory factor; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2016 22, 303-316DOI: (10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.004) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions