Environmental sampling and monitoring Marek Šír 2018

University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Department of Gaseous and Solid Fuels and Air Protection Air & Health Energy & Fuels Soil & Nature Water & Treatment Department of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Environmental Technology Department of Environmental Chemistry Department of Power Engineering

Environmental sampling Sampling of: Sediments Soils Sand Water Biotic samples (fishes, moluscs, crabs, eggs) Focus on the following contaminants: Heavy metals (As, Hg, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb) Organic contaminants (PAHs, petroleum products, PCBs, BFRs, pesticides, dioxines)

Sampling plan Mixed samples formed by several partial samples are taken in various places of the given locality Sediments are taken by a core sampler into polyethylene containers (V = 500 ml) Soils are taken by means of a shovel into into polyethylene bags. Samples are stored in a cold and dark before analysis.

Sampling of playgrounds Exposure path = dermal contact, inhalation of dust, soil ingestion Based on exposition factor for children established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Analytical procedure Dry matter - gravimetric method Heavy metals - after mineralization procedure by atomic emission spectrometre 4200 MP AES (Agilent Technologies) Mercury - directly in solid samples by AMA254 analysator (Altec) Persistent organic pollutants – after extraction procedure by gas chromatograph Master GC DANI

Target heavy metals - toxicity Arsenic Central nervous system Skin Hair Mercury Brain Liver Kidney Immune system Cadmium Kidneys Liver Testicles Nickel Lung Heart Immune system Skin Chromium Lungs Liver Kidneys Skin Lead Long bones Brain Liver Kidney Placenta

Pollution assessment at the site Comparison with RSL (Regional Screening Levels) (mg/kg) - levels were derived using exposure parameters and factors representing the maximum justifiable chronic exposure based on direct contact with target compounds. Regional screening levels were derived by the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Comparison with local limits and specific limits (Limits for sand on playgorunds) Comparison (average) contaminant concentration at the site and in background samples – both local and worldwide Comparison of upstream and downstream sediments Local hotspot detection - from a point sources of contamination

Health risk assesment Risk exposure to substances with non-carcinogenic effect – average received and absorbed dose with acceptable toxicological intake of the substance is compared. HQ (Hazard Quotient) - represents the risk level Risk exposure to substances with carcinogenic effect uses parameters - lifetime average daily dose and specific factor (slope factor) are multiplied ELCR (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk) - indicator corresponding to the probability of developing cancer with lifetime exposure Risk-Integrated Software for Cleanups (RISC) was used to assess human health risks in contaminated areas - it can integrate up to fourteen possible exposure pathways,

Health risk assesment

Example - Human health risks associated with pollutants (Loei) Contaminant / recipient Sample Concentration in soil (mg / kg) Parameter Exposition pathway Ingestion of soil and dust Dermal contact of soil and dust Ingestion of crops -vegetable Total As / child LOE 10 162.17 ELCR 4.4E-05 2.6E-06 8.3E-05 1.3E-04 As / adult 1.9E-06 6.0E-07 5.5E-05 5.8E-05 HQ 1.2 6.8E-02 2.1 3.3 3.4E-02 1.0E-02 9.6E-01 1.0 Cd / child 39.25 1.7E-01 2.5E-04 4.3 4.5 Cd / adult 5.1E-03 5.1E-05 1.8 ELCR >10E-0.4: the risk is unacceptable and serious measures must be immediately taken HQ >1: potential adverse health effects exist. More research must be done in order to determine any toxic threats

Example – pollution of Balkhash city

Example - Map Ta Phut Upstream sediments Downstream sediments As (4.15) Hg (0.01) Zn (5.77) Cd (0.965) Cu (1,44) Ni (0.1) Cr (1,96) Upstream sediments As (12.09) Hg (0.49) Zn (339.20) Cd (1.27) Cu (15.66) Ni (11.50 Cr (21,32) Downstream sediments

Thanks for your attention