Empires: China and Portugal

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Presentation transcript:

Empires: China and Portugal Caravans and Galleons Tutor: Giorgio Riello Week 5 Wednesday 31 October 2007 Empires: China and Portugal

Outline A. China B. Portugal Outlines of the Chinese Empire Approaches to Chinese History Themes central government and local elites empire and foreign relations B. Portugal Chronology of Empire building Estado da India The Weaknesses of the Eastado The ‘relational logic’ of the Portuguese Empire Comparisons across the Portuguese Empire

A. China

A1. Political outlines of the Chinese Empire In 1300 the Empire is in disarray. Run over by Mongols, who founded a strong state, but could not manage the maintenance of the civil state. Reunified under Zhu Yuanzhang, who established the Ming dynasty in 1368. Reorganisation of society, with strong focus on the state. Return to agrarian empire. Late Ming cultural and economic flourishing Qing invasion and establishment of Manchu rule in 1644. High Qing flourishing: siku quanshu and Gujin tushu jicheng: encyclopedia of all gathered knowledge. Relationship with British turned sour post 1800

A2. Approaches to Chinese History Voltaire

Hegel

Max Weber

Karl Wittfogel

A3. Themes in the History of the Chinese empire The nature of the central government initial importance given to the despotic nature of the Chinese state. later importance to civil service as a meritocracy: ‘enlightened’ civil servants. See Ho Ping-ti’ The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368-1911 (1964) - Others have been critical of this position. See Benjamin Elman, A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China.

A3. Themes in the History of the Chinese empire Empire and foreign relations official pattern: trade was restricted by the tribute system or to specific places in the south but vibrant regional and interregional trade - and great deal of illegal activities

B. Portugal

B1. Chronology of Empire Building a. North Africa

B1. Chronology of Empire Building a. North Africa b. The Atlantic Islands

B1. Chronology of Empire Building a. North Africa b. The Atlantic Islands c. Brazil

B1. Chronology of Empire Building a. North Africa b. The Atlantic Islands c. Brazil d. Central Africa

B1. Chronology of Empire Building a. North Africa b. The Atlantic Islands c. Brazil d. Central Africa e. Asia

B3. The Weaknesses of the Estado 1. The Crown power was complemented by the interests of the church, merchants and patronage 2. Portugal had little means to impose its will and had to recur to ‘negotiation’ with local rulers 3. inability to translate economic and commercial success into something that was politically stable. Historiography: - recent scholarship emphasises both strengths and weaknesses of the Portuguese empire - old scholarship (during the Salazar dictatorship) put the problem in terms of ‘exceptionalism’ of the Portuguese experience

B4. The Relational Logic of the Portuguese Empire “The Portuguese empire was a vast, global administrative and economic system that linked continents, peoples, and economic organisations in a network of exchange” S.B. Schwarz, ‘The Economy of the Portuguese Empire’, p. 19.