Aeronautics K Sudhakar H Arya A Isaacs Centre for Aerospace Systems Design & Engineering Department of Aerospace Engineering IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B It Comes in All Shapes What makes them fly? Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Contents Principles of Flight Airfoil Wing Wing + Horizontal tail Wing + Horizontal tail + Vertical Tail Mini Aerial Vehicles Mini/Micro Aerial Vehicles Hobby flying / RC Models Autonomous Flight Navigation/Guidance/Control Sensors/Actuators Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Why Airfoil ? V Drag Drag V Airfoil : Shape that offers very low drag Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Lift & Drag Lift = 0.5  V2 C a  Moment = 0.5  V2 C2 d Moment is about 0.25 C Lift Moment V  Drag C - Angle of Attack Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Lift & Drag V  Lift Drag - Angle of Attack Lift = 0.5  V2 C a Moment = 0.5  V2 C2 d; d = 0 Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Lift & Drag V  Lift Drag Moment (Pitching) - Angle of Attack Lift = 0.5  V2 C a Moment = 0.5  V2 C2 d; d > 0 Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Lift & Drag Lift  Moment (Pitching) Drag V - Angle of Attack Lift = 0.5  V2 C a Moment = 0.5  V2 C2 d; d < 0 Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Airfoil Moment is about = 0.25C Moment does not change with  Symmetric M = 0 Cambered h > 0 M < 0 h < 0 M > 0 Moment does not change with  Lift increases with  Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Airfoil Moment is about = 0.25C Moment does not change with  Symmetric M = 0 Cambered h > 0 M < 0 h < 0 M > 0 Moment does not change with  Lift increases with  Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Equilibrium & Stability V L M V W L Stable W L V L M W Unstable Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Aerodynamic Center Point about which Moment does not change with  0.25 C for an Airfoil Stable Unstable Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Airfoil, Flat Plate Or Strip of Paper W x L = W L * X + Mo = 0 ; X = - Mo/L Camber M0 X for equilibrium Stability because of X Neutral > 0 < 0 Unstable Stable Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Airfoil, Flat Plate Or Strip of Paper How to make a strip of paper fly? AR is large  Like a flat plate airfoil h = 0  M0 = 0  X = 0 X = 0  Neutral For stability h < 0  M0 > 0  X < 0 X < 0  Stable M0 L W Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Lets Fly a Strip of Paper! Stable CG without ballast Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Lets Fly a Strip of Paper! Stable CG with ballast Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Lets Fly a Strip of Paper! Stable Hinge line of elevator Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Wing Cr Cr - Root chord Aerodynamic Center Ct Ct - Tip chord  = Ct / Cr = Taper ratio Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Wing Stable Unstable Aerodynamic Center Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Wing Stable Unstable Aerodynamic Center Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Lets Fly a Wing! Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Wing + Horizontal Tail (No Fuselage) acw Sw lT ST acT X = 0.8 * ST lT/Sw Stable Unstable x Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Vertical Tail? ? Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Vertical Tail? Dihedral? Let’s move on Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Control Surfaces Elevators Ailerons   -             Control Surfaces -             Elevator for pitch -             Aileron for roll -             Rudder for yaw Rudder Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Elevators - Pitch Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Ailerons - Roll Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Rudder - Yaw Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

100 Years! How Small Has it got? Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Over the years! How big can an aircraft get? Mini ( 15 cm to 200 cm) Micro (< 15 cm) How small can an aircraft get? Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Why Small Aircraft? Surveillance Hazard mitigation Military applications Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Videography Platform - IITB Components Analysis? Assessment? Toughest Challenge! Video Transmitter Range = 1000 m Weight = 10 gm Colour Video Camera Weight = 9.5 gm Size = 60 cm, Weight = 870 gm Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Comparison 6” (1/4th in size) 24” But many folds more complex Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Early Attempts to Fly Leonardo da Vinci No success in imitating birds Lord Cayley shows the way Highly integrated solutions difficult! Decompose and conquer Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Man Made Bird. 1992! Flapping Flight Efficiencies have been low! Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Flapping Flight in India “To the sheer amazement of the audience, the model began beating its wings just like a bird and started flying!”, AVIA August 2003 on Mr K Nandakumar, Chennai Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Fixed, Flapping, Rotary Wing? Nature suggests flapping for small aerial vehicles Efficiency of flapping wing vehicles built by man not very high! Terrestrial Locomotion? Nature suggests bi-peds/quadru-peds Man made vehicles are wheeled Multi-pedes, bi-peds !? Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Which Way! MAV Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems Bio-mimetics Bio-Optics Optical Flow Multi-function parts Learning Training Genetic Modification MAV Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018

Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B Thank You Dept of Aerospace Engineering, IIT-B 12/6/2018