Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord

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Presentation transcript:

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord Comparative Anatomy Tony Serino, Ph.D. Biology Dept. Misericordia Univ.

Central Nervous System (CNS) Gray vs. White matter Protection of CNS Meninges CSF flow Brain Development Selected structures Spinal cord

CNS (Central Nervous System) Brian and spinal cord Displays gray and white matter Gray matter are areas of CNS with many cell bodies of neurons present (little myelinated nerve fibers) White matter are area of CNS with few cell bodies but many myelinated nerve fibers Protected by bone and membranes

Meninges Dura Mater –outermost; tough, fibrous CT In brain, divided into two layers (periosteal and meningeal) In spine, only one layer with fat filled space above the layer called the epidural space Arachnoid –middle; web-like appearance Potential space between Dura and arachnoid is the subdural space Pia Mater –innermost, delicate membrane fused with CNS surface Space between Pia and Arachnoid is the subarachnoid space

Brain Meninges

Brain Ventricles

Choroid Plexus

CSF (cerebral-spinal fluid) Flow

Hydrocephalus Blockage of CSF flow can lead to severe brain and/or head enlargement. In an adult, such swelling would be fatal.

Brain Development Structures Functional Areas

Brain Vesicles

Major Divisions of Brain Brain Stem = midbrain + pons + medulla

Brain Anatomy (req’d)

Projections vs. Commissures

Functional Anatomy of Brain

Functional Areas of Cerebrum

Primary Motor and Somatosensory Gyri

Basal Nuclei: cerebral nuclei Putamen and Globus Pallidus Subthalamic nuclei and the Substantia nigra are usually included

Limbic System: functional system; responsible for emotion and memory Cingulate Gyrus Fornix Mammillary body

Circle of Willis

Spinal Cord Receives and generates signals to body through the spinal nerves

Spinal Cord (X.S.)

Cord in Spinal Canal Posterior Median Sulcus Posterior Root Denticulate Ligament Dorsal Root Ganglion Anterior Root Spinal Nerve

Spinal Cord Segments 4 segments: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral (only 1 coccygeal nerve) 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Cauda Equina

Lumbar Puncture

Functional Arrangement of SC

Neurotransmission Scenario

ANS Divsions

Parasympathetic (Craniosacral)

Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar)

Sympathetic Ganglia