Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Casey Olsen, PharmD Casey.Olsen@aurora.org PGY2 Pharmacy Informatics Aurora Health Care Milwaukee, WI

Objectives Describe available advances in artificial intelligence technology within healthcare Apply a process design tool for adapting a task to utilize automation strategies

Artificial Intelligence (AI) An evolving definition Turing Test – convincing emulation of human communication An effort to prove ‘humanity’ of a machine Related to ability to automatically complete complex tasks Not based on human function, but rather a scale of automation of a task Machine Artificial Intelligence

Government Initiatives National Science and Technology Council. The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan. Published 10/2016. Accessed 9/17/2017. URL: https://www.nitrd.gov/PUBS/national_ai_rd_strategic_plan.pdf

Where Can AI be Found? Flight Personal Technology Financial Trading

Examples in Healthcare Sensely and Your.MD Consultation Provides a patient with the ability to ask questions on personal devices and receive pertinent information Morpheo Diagnosis Assists in analysis of sleep patterns IBM’s Watson Treatment Utilizes a patient data to offer recommended oncology treatment regimens to physicians AiCure Adherence Uses image recognition to ensure patients take medication at the correct time Ayasdi Population Health Utilizes patient data to find risk factors within a health system

Example of Automation Regenstrief National Center for Medical Device Informatics A shared interest in understanding the data available for infusion pump use Given the abundance of data available through this collaborative, there is the potential for use of artificial intelligence to aid users in the assessment of data

Automating a Task with Artificial Intelligence Scope must be well defined to a task Example: Utilize infusion pump data to determine actionable items for library updates How automated should this be?

Functional Level of Autonomy Assessment Tool (FLOAAT) Tool developed for use by NASA Johnson Space Center Assists in designing a goal level of automation for a task Considers: Type of task being automated Trust in the ability of the system Cost/benefit analysis Proud RW, Hart JJ, Mrozinski RB. Methods for Determining the Level of Autonomy to Design into a Human Spaceflight Vehicle: A Function Specific Approach. September 2003.

Stages of Decision Making FLOAAT Visualized Stages of Decision Making Observe Orient Decide Act Adapted from Proud RW, Hart JJ, Mrozinski RB. Methods for Determining the Level of Autonomy to Design into a Human Spaceflight Vehicle: A Function Specific Approach. September 2003.

Stages of Decision Making FLOAAT Visualized Stages of Decision Making Observe Orient Decide Act Level of Automation 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Automated Automated Automated Automated Human Human Human Human Adapted from Proud RW, Hart JJ, Mrozinski RB. Methods for Determining the Level of Autonomy to Design into a Human Spaceflight Vehicle: A Function Specific Approach. September 2003.

Returning to Finding Actionable Items Level of Automation 8 Actionable items are displayed to the user 7 Actionable items are displayed with rational for certain medications 6 Actionable items are displayed with rational for all changes 5 Actionable items are displayed with user verification of data 4 Sorted summarized data allow user identification of actionable items 3 Unsorted summarized data allow user identification of actionable items 2 Users use tools to create summarized data to find actionable items 1 Users manually read and interpret data to find actionable items

Applying the FLOAAT to Healthcare Automation Potential utilization in: Ongoing task design discussions Gap analysis to assess for potential automation growth Hart JJ, Valasek J. Methodology for Prototyping Increased Levels of Automation for Spacecraft Rendezvous Functions. Texas A&M University. 2007.

Preparing for the Future Creating a culture of trust around computer-driven interventions Engage in well defined and scoped uses of artificial intelligence Continue efforts toward effective data management Contribute to and use data from large data banks Pursue interoperability standardization

Key Takeaways Artificial intelligence will continue to become more prevalent in and outside of healthcare Strategies to implement artificial intelligence should consider a level of automation to design to Tools exist to help devise a design goal

Questions Casey Olsen, PharmD Casey.Olsen@aurora.org PGY2 Pharmacy Informatics Aurora Health Care Milwaukee, WI