طائفة: الفطريات البازيدية Class : Basidiomyceteae

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طائفة: الفطريات البازيدية Class : Basidiomyceteae الخصائص: الغزل الفطري مقسم انتاج جراثيم خارجية بازيديةBasidiospores. باسيدياBasidia إما تكون مقسمة أو غير مقسمة أمثلة: فطرة الاجاريكوس (المشروم) أو عيش الغراب Agaricus (Mushroom) Characterization: Septated mycelium. Production of exogenous basidiospores. Basidia are either septated or non-septated. Examples: Agaricus (Mushroom)

Agaricus (Mushroom) فطرة عيش الغراب أو المشروم خصائص فطر المشروم: من الفطريات المترممة، التي تظهر في البداية كالحصير أو كتل من خيوط فطرية تحت ارضية التي تتغذى على المواد العضوية. الفطر ينمو أفضل حول الأشجار المتحللة أو في التربة المخصبة . أنها تنمو برية (بدون زراعة)في الحقول والحدائق، ومجموعة أخرى متنوعة منها يمكن أن تزرع. الغزل الفطري تحت الأرض يبرز لاعلى إلى فوق الارض لتتكون من خيوط متشابكة مدمجة تسمى الجسم الثمري fruit body أو حامل البوغ sporophore. في المراحل الاولى الفتية يغطى الجسم الثمري كله بغشاء ومن ثم يتمزق الغشاء بسبب النمو، ويترك بقايا منه في القاعدة من الجسم الثمري يسمى volva.ومن ثم يصبح الجسم الثمري متميزإلى ساقstalk or stipe وقلنسوة cap or pileus. طرف القلنسوة ملتصق مع الجز العلوي من الساق بواسطة غشاء الذي يتمزق نتيجة للنمو الافقي تاركة بقايا على الساق المعروفة باسم الحلقة او الطوق annulus

Agaricus (Mushroom) Characterization Saprophytic fungus, appearing initially as mats or masses of subterranean septate hyphae which feed on organic matter. Mushrooms grow best around decayed trees or in fertilizied soils. It grows wild in fields and gardens, and a variety of it is cultivated. The underground mycelium gives rise to an overground body composed of compact interwoven hyphae called the fruit body or sporophore. In young stages the whole fruit body is covered by a membrane which ruptures due to growth , leaving a remnant of it at the base of the fruit body called volva. The fruit body then becomes differentiated into a stalk or stipe and a cap or pileus. The rim of the pileus is attached to the upper part of the stalk by a membrane which ruptures, due to the horizontal growth of pileus, leaving a remnant on the stalk known as annulus.

الأهمية الاقتصادية Economic importance الأهمية الاقتصادية لأفراد فطرالأجاريكاليس تتمثل بالنقاط التالية: بعضها صالح للأكل قبل الانسان بسبب النكهة و الطعم الطيب وهي قيمة المحتوى من البروتين والفيتامين. تطورت صناعة زراعة الفطر في العديد من بلدان العالم كالولايات المتحدة وفرنسا. وبعض الافراد الاخرى من هذه الرتبة سامة جداَ. بعضها طفيلية على النباتات الراقية . أنها تسبب أمراضاً مثل تعفن الجذور لشجرة التفاح تدمير الخشب للعديد من أشجار الغابات. بعض انواع المشروم (فطريات الهلوسةhallucinogenic mushrooms ) تستخدم تجريبيا في الطب كوسيلة مساعدة للعلاج النفسي. وتستخدم مادة تسمى سيلوسيبينpsilocybin ، المستخرجة من هذه الفطر، في دراسة الأنفصام.

Economic importance The economic importance of members of agaricales is revealed by the following points: Some of them are edible by human due to their nice flavor, taste and valuable content of protein and vitamin. Mushroom-growing industry has developed in many countries of the world as the United States and France. Other members are very poisonous. Some are parasitic on higher plants. They cause diseases such as root rot of apple and wood destruction of many forest trees. Some mushrooms (hallucinogenic mushrooms) are being used experimentally in medicine as an aid to psychotherapy. A substance called psilocybin, extracted from such mushrooms, is being used in the study of schizophrenia.