Welcome to Veterinary Anatomy 12/7/2018

Introduction to Anatomy Objectives: Define Anatomy Identify the levels of organization Anatomical and directional terminology to be used during course Review body cavities and lining membranes 12/7/2018

Anatomy Is the study of structure of the body and the relations among structures Greek means to cut Latin means to dissect Physiology is the study of function. Structure and function are inseparable. 12/7/2018

Subdivision of Anatomy Gross anatomy: the study of structures that can be dissected and observed with the unaided eye or with a hand lens. Topographical anatomy: the anatomy of one part in relation to other parts of the body . Applied anatomy: the practical application of such knowledge in the diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions Neuroanatomy deals with connections of cells with CNS 12/7/2018

Subdivision of Anatomy Cytology: deals with structure of individuals cells Histology: is the study of organization of cells and extracellualr material into complex tissue and organs Embryology: examine the development of the adult structure from fertilized ovum to birth 12/7/2018

Methods of studying Anatomy 1- Dissection of the fixed cadaver remains the most important single method for examining the organization of the body at the level of the naked eye 2- Surface anatomy: the observation of the intact body at rest and in action 3- Endoscopy: the observation of some parts of living body, such as stomach or knee joint, by means of special instruments 12/7/2018

Methods of studying Anatomy 4- Organ imaging: is non destructive technique Radiology Carried out by a X ray Ultrasound By the ultrasound waves 12/7/2018

Levels of Organization: COHN – 99.5% 99.9% = 12/7/2018

Vocabulary of the anatomy Anatomy has a highly specialized vocabulary, inherited from previous centuries; much of Greek and Latin Many of the words have precise meaning, and their accurate use is important 12/7/2018

Vocabulary of the anatomy If everyone uses the same terminology, then it is easier to understand what each of us is trying to say. 12/7/2018

Vocabulary of the anatomy For the purpose of description, the body is considered as being in what is called the. "anatomical position". In this Anatomical Position, the body is assumed to be standing (animal stands on his four limbs, the feet together, the head and eyes facing forwards and palms of the hands facing downwards. To ensure consistency of description it is important to keep the anatomical position constantly in mind. 12/7/2018

DIRECTIONAL TERMS Terms that described the position of one body part relative to another. 12/7/2018

DIRECTIONAL TERMS PLANE: A surface, real or imaginary along which any two points can be connected by a straight line. Median Plane: Divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves. Sagittal Plane: Passes through the head, body, or limb parallel to the median plane. Transverse Plane: Cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an organ or a part. Divides the body into cranial and caudal. 12/7/2018

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS Dorsal Plane: Runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes and thus divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions. 12/7/2018

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS DORSAL: Toward or relatively near the back and corresponding surface of the head, neck, and tail; VENTRAL: Toward or relatively near the belly and the corresponding surface of the head, neck, thorax, and tail. This term is never used for the limbs. 12/7/2018

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS MEDIAL: Toward or relatively near the median plane. LATERAL: Away from or relatively farther from the median plane 12/7/2018

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS CRANIAL: Toward or relatively near the head; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus. When referring to the head it is replaced by the term rostral. ROSTRAL: Toward or relatively near the nose; applies to the head only CAUDAL: Toward or relatively near the tail; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus. 12/7/2018

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS INTERNAL OR INNER: Close to, or in the direction of the center of an organ, body cavity, or structure. EXTERNAL OR OUTER: Away from the center of an organ or structure. SUPERFICIAL: Relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ. DEEP: Relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ. 12/7/2018

DIRECTIONAL TERMS PROXIMAL: Relatively near the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail is the attached end. DISTAL: Away from the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail is the free end. 12/7/2018

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Basic Movements FLEXION: The movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle formed at their joint is reduced. EXTENSI0N: The movement of one bone upon another such that the angle formed at their joint increases. The limb reaches out or is extended 12/7/2018

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Basic Movements ABDUCTI0N: The movement of a part away from the median plane. ADDUCTI0N: The movement toward the median plane. 12/7/2018

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Major parts of the Body Head Fore limbs Hind limbs Trunk Abdomen Thorax Diaphragm 12/7/2018

Fig 1.14 Body Cavities Dorsal Ventral 12/7/2018