The Human Body: An Orientation

The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy vs. Physiology Study dead things No Movements Study specific organs by dissection Mass, Shape, etc. Directional Terms used to describe locations Technique: Observe Study living things Movements Study organ’s interactions or functions Chemistry and Physics Principles Technique: Experiment

Levels of Study (1 of 2) Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable

Levels of Study (2 of 2) Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4

Levels of Organization Atoms (Carbon) - Chemical level Cells (Skin Cell)- Cellular level Tissues (Epithelium)- Tissue level Organs (Liver, Lungs)- Organ level Organ Sys (Digestive Sys)- Organ Sys level Organism (Human)- Organismal level

Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Levels of Organization Atoms - tiny building blocks of matter Cells - smallest unit of living things Tissues - groups of similar cells that have a common function Organs - composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function Organ system - group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose Organism - the living body which consists of eleven organ systems

Write down in a list as many organ systems as you can name Write down in a list as many organ systems as you can name. (20 seconds)

Answers: Integumentary Digestive Muscular Respiratory Circulatory Urinary Nervous Lymphatic Endocrine Skeletal Reproductive

Organ Systems (1 of 11) Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

Organ System (2 of 11) Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

Organ System (3 of 11) Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores mineral Figure 1.2b

Organ System (4 of 11) Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

Organ System (5 of 11) Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

Organ System (6 of 11) Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen & Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

Organ System (7 of 11) Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

Organ System (8 of 11) Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

Organ System (9 of 11) Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

Organ System (10 of 11) Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

Organ System (11 of 11) Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

Do Now 1 Name the system that the phrase describes: 1. Consists of the skin, hair and nails. 2. Function is to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide _________________________________ 3. Organize the levels of organization from highest to lowest.

Question 4 1. Integumentary System 2. Respiratory System 4. Highest to lowest: Organism Organ Systems Organs Tissues Cells Chemicals

Necessary Life Functions & Homeostasis On to the next section Necessary Life Functions & Homeostasis

Necessary Life Functions Living things need this to survive: Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions Things your body needs to do for survival. Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life Functions Things your body needs to do for survival. Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs Water Stable body temperature 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease and/or death List three examples of homeostatic imbalances (stimulus) for humans.

Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Using the process… Look at the homeostatic imbalances you just mentioned.. Come up with the process your body would go through when affected by these imbalances. Receptor of this stimulus would be? Control Center running the operation would be? Effectors sending the message would be?

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

Position

Anatomical position Standard position Standing erect with feet apart and palms forward

Direction Homework Due Friday 8/29: Write 11 sentences using all the directional terms and the terms on the back of your study guide. EXAMPLE: The carpal is proximal to the digitals. The wrist is closer to the attachment site (shoulder) than the fingers.

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

Orientation and Directional Terms Distal Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk The knee is distal to the thigh. Superficial (external) Toward or at the body surface The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles. Deep (internal) Away from the body surface; more internal The lungs are deep.

Structures Homework Due FRIDAY 8/30 : Write 11 sentences using all the directional terms and the terms on the back of your study guide. EXAMPLE: The carpal is proximal to the digitals. The wrist is closer to the attachment site (shoulder) than the fingers.

Anterior Body Landmarks Figure 1.5a

Anterior body landmarks abdominal - anterior body trunk inferior to ribs acromial – point of shoulder antecubital - anterior surface of the elbow axillary - armpit brachial - arm buccal - cheek area carpal - wrist cervical - neck region coxal – hip crural - leg digital - fingers, toes

Anterior body landmarks cont’d femoral – thigh fibular - lateral part of leg inguinal - area where thigh meets body trunk nasal – nose area oral - mouth orbital - eye area patellar - anterior knee pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly pubic - genital region sternal – breastbone area tarsal – ankle region thoracic - chest umbilical - navel

Posterior Body Landmarks Figure 1.5b

Posterior body landmarks calcaneal – heel of foot cephalic – head deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle femoral - thigh gluteal - buttock lumbar - back between ribs and hips occipital - back surface of head olecranal – posterior surface of elbow

Posterior body landmarks cont’d popliteal - back of knee sacral – area between hips scapular – shoulder blade region sural - back of lower leg, calf vertebral – area of the spine plantar – sole of the foot

Region

Body Planes Plane - an imaginary line where a section or cut is made 3 types of planes

Body Planes Figure 1.6

Body Planes Sagittal plane - cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, dividing the body into right and left parts. Also called the median

Body Planes Frontal plane - cut made dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts. Also called the coronal

Body Planes Transverse plane - cut made along horizontal dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. Also called a cross section

Body Cavities Figure 1.7

Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity cranial cavity – brain spinal cavity – vertebral column, spinal cord KNOW WHAT IS IN THE CAVITIES!

Body Cavities Ventral body cavity - very large contains all the structures of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis Thoracic cavity - lungs, heart Diaphragm - separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Abdominopelvic cavity (2 cavities in one!) Abdominal cavity - stomach, liver, intestine Pelvic cavity - reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c

Ways to separate body Quadrants Right upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Why have these quadrants? Let’s say you’re a surgeon who is told the patient you’re about to operate on has a blockage in the large intestine. - If no further information is provided to you, where could you go wrong when making your incision? Figure 1.8a

Ways to separate body Abdominopelvic Regions umbilical region - center, belly button epigastric region - above the umbilical region hypogastric region - below the umbilical region iliac or inguinal regions - hip regions lumbar regions - above hip bones hypochondriac regions - over the ribs

Abdominopelvic Regions (Slightly smaller areas than the quadrants) Figure 1.8b

Don’t forget! :) Homework Due FRIDAY 8/30 : Write 11 sentences using all the directional terms and the terms on the back of your study guide. EXAMPLE: The carpal is proximal to the digitals. The wrist is closer to the attachment site (shoulder) than the fingers.