America’s History Sixth Edition Henretta • Brody • Dumenil America’s History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 14 Two Societies at War, 1861-1865 Copyright © 2008 by Bedford/St. Martin’s and Matthew Ellington, Ruben S. Ayala High School

1. Secession and Military Stalemate, 1861-1862 Background to the Civil War Advantages of the North and the South The Secession Crisis The Upper South Chooses Sides Setting War Objectives and Devising Strategies 2. Toward Total War Mobilizing Armies and Civilians Mobilizing Resources Technology and the Civil War 3. The Turning Point: 1863 Emancipation Vicksburg and Gettysburg 4. The Union Victorious Soldiers and Strategy The Election of 1864 and Sherman’s March

Background to the Civil War Southerners believed that the Republicans/North would undermine their way of life Northerners believed secession would destroy the idea of a republican form of government Causes of the Civil War: Slavery was underlying cause Election of Lincoln Conflict over the expansion of slavery Economic, social and cultural differences Debate over states rights vs. federal rights The rise of abolitionism

The Advantages of North & South Northern advantages: Population (22 million vs. 9 million) Industrialized economy and efficient transportation Better political leadership and established government US Navy Southern Advantages: Better military leadership and soldiers, at first Fought to defend homes and way of life Defensive wars are easier to win

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The Secession Crisis 7 states seceded before Lincoln was inaugurated Crittenden Compromise rejected by Republicans would have protected slavery and extended 36°30' line was the last chance to avoid war

The Upper South Chooses Sides Lincoln’s decision to “provision” Ft. Sumter led to open hostilities and 4 more states seceded Lincoln used martial law, supervised voting, mass arrests, suspension of habeas corpus and other tactics to retain the 4 border states

Setting War Objectives and Devising Strategies First Bull Run defeat showed Union war would not be quick Union Strategy: Take Richmond, blockade the South, split the Confederacy; later: emancipation, total war Failure of Peninsula Campaign convinced Lincoln that South would have to be punished by ending slavery Antietam was the South’s best chance to win the war Battle of Antietam: Fight for Burnside’s Bridge

Eastern Campaigns of 1861-1862

Western Campaigns of 1861-1862

Mobilizing Armies and Civilians Both sides were forced to eventually rely on a draft Exemptions: $300, substitution, or many slaves Led to rioting by Irish, Germans, and poor whites Example: New York City Draft Riots Women helped war effort; many became nurses Ex: Clara Barton

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Engraving of a food riot in New Orleans in 1862 Mobilizing Resources King Cotton failed to save the South North created beginnings of modern economy Union used taxes (20%), bonds (65%), greenbacks (15%) to pay war; South relied on inflation (9,200%) Engraving of a food riot in New Orleans in 1862

Technology and the Civil War Industrialization and transportation changed warfare Monitor (North) vs. Merrimac (South), the first battle of ironclads, was a draw Submarines, land mines, hot air balloons, gatling guns

Emancipation Confiscation Acts allowed Union to seize Confederate property including slaves (contrabands) Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed slaves in rebel states but not border states

Vicksburg & Gettysburg (July 1863) Vicksburg cut South in two and made Grant a hero Gettysburg was South’s last best chance to win war and defeat cut off British help

Soldiers and Strategy 200,000 black troops fought for the Union by 1865 EX: Massachusetts 54th Regiment Grant took control of all Union armies in 1864 and attacked all Confederate armies at great human cost

The Election of 1864 and Sherman’s March Atlanta’s capture gave Lincoln reelection on National Union ticket with Johnson (war Democrat) in 1864 Sherman’s march to sea was beginning of “total war” Appomattox Courthouse surrender ended Civil War