Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophs Non-mobile Plants Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophs Non-mobile

Cells and tissues Tissues: Dermal: covers the plant Vascular: transports water, food, etc. Ground: photosynthesis, storage, and secretion Meristematic: produces new plant cells

Organs: Stems [B] Leaves [E] Roots [L] Other labels Flower [H] Root Hairs [N]

Roots

Root Hairs [F]: extra surface area for absorption Xylem Phloem Pericycle Endodermis Apical meristem Root cap Root Hairs [F]: extra surface area for absorption Xylem [N]: up, water and minerals Phloem [O]: down, food Root Cap [A]: protection Apical Meristem [D]: growth

About Roots Root cap tip of a root covering apical meristem—site of growth produces a slimy substance (lubricating oil), allowing the root to move more easily through the soil as it grows Root hairs extensions of epidermal cells increase the surface area of the root thus increases the plant’s ability to absorb water and minerals from the soil

Fibrous roots Small branching roots Grass Taproots Accumulate and store food Carrots, trees, beets

Functions of the Root Anchor Growth at the meristem (tip) Absorption water minerals Nutrients Macronutrients—N and K Micronutrients Storage Some roots also store carbohydrates or water. Carbohydrates—converted to starch and stored store large amounts of water (help plants survive during dry periods)

Stems

Apical Meristem [F] Lateral Buds (meristems) [B]: Lateral growth Node [C]: give rise to leaves and branches Vascular tissue [M] Xylem [N] Phloem [O]

Support Above ground Woody stems (trees) Secondary growth increase the diameter Bark: Phloem and cork, protection

Transport XYLEM: transport nutrients and water PHLOEM: transports carbohydrates, some plant hormones, and other organic compounds Reminder: Transpiration Capillarity

Leaves

Leaf functions primary site of photosynthesis use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to make carbohydrates also is used to synthesize amino acids/other organic molecules limitation to photosynthesis is insufficient water due to transpiration transpiration may benefit the plant by cooling it and by speeding the transport of mineral nutrients through the xylem

Cuticle [C]: waxy protective layer Upper [D] & lower [E] epidermis Stomata [F]: transpiration Guard Cells [G]: control the size of the stoma Chloroplast [K]: photosynthesis Xylem [N] Phloem [O]

Gas Exchange must balance need to open their stomata to receive carbon dioxide and release oxygen need to close their stomata to prevent water loss through transpiration A stoma is bordered by two kidney-shaped guard cells modified cells on the leaf epidermis that regulate gas and water exchange

Stomata and Guard Cells Chapter 29 Stomata and Guard Cells

Control of Stomata Opening Chapter 29 Control of Stomata Opening

Protection, climbing, food traps Roots Stems Leaves Anchor Support Photosynthesis Absorb Transport Storage Storage, growth Protection, climbing, food traps