Lesson 17.2a – The War at Home Today we will explain how the Civil War affected civilians.

Vocabulary Copperhead – Northerner who wanted peace with the Confederacy instead of victory in the war civilian – anyone who is not in the military conscription – forced service in the military bounty – cash bonus paid for enlisting inflation – increase in prices due to a decrease in the value of money income tax – a tax on earnings greenback – paper money printed by the Union during the Civil War

What is an income tax? An income tax is a tax on earnings, first adopted during the Civil War.

What was a greenback? A greenback was a form of paper currency issued by the federal government during the Civil War.

What We Already Know Public opinion remained divided in the North, where many people disapproved of Lincoln and the war.

What We Already Know The Northern economy was much more industrialized than the Confederacy’s economy.

What We Already Know Most of the fighting of the Civil War, and the worst of the destruction, would occur on Southern soil.

Disagreements About the War By 1863, many Southerners were growing weary of the war and its constant sacrifices.

Disagreements About the War Food riots had broken out in several Southern cities, including Richmond, the capital city.

Disagreements About the War Southern soldiers deserted the army in large numbers. By 1863, the Confederate army had shrunk by almost 40% due to casualties and desertion.

Disagreements About the War Southerners like Jefferson Davis believed the Constitution upheld the individual sovereignty and independence of states over that of any central government.

Disagreements About the War The Confederate states often fell into disagree-ment. The same principle of states’ rights that led them to break with the Union kept them from coordinat-ing their war effort.

Disagreements About the War Disagreements over the conduct of the war also arose in the North. Lincoln’s main opponents were the Copper-heads, Northern Democrats who favored peace with the South.

Disagreements About the War President Lincoln had protesters arrested and suspended the writ of habeas corpus, which prevents the government from holding citizens without a trial.

Habeas corpus ("you have the body" in Latin), is a recourse in law whereby a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court, usually through a prison official.

7. What did Southerners like Jefferson Davis believe the Constitution said about the rights of states? The constitution upheld the individual sovereignty and independence of states. States can secede from the Union, but only with Congressional approval. The rights of states are based on the Constitution. Under the Constitution, states may not secede from the Union under any circumstances.

7. What did Southerners like Jefferson Davis believe the Constitution said about the rights of states? The constitution upheld the individual sovereignty and independence of states. States can secede from the Union, but only with Congressional approval. The rights of states are based on the Constitution. Under the Constitution, states may not secede from the Union under any circumstances.

8. How did the South’s principle of states’ rights undermine the Confederate war effort? The South had few mines to provide natural resources that the Confederate war effort required. Each state worked in its own interest, preventing the coordination of efforts. Each state decided for itself how much of its mining wealth should be contributed to the government. Several states seceded from the Confederacy itself.

8. How did the South’s principle of states’ rights undermine the Confederate war effort? The South had few mines to provide natural resources that the Confederate war effort required. Each state worked in its own interest, preventing the coordination of efforts. Each state decided for itself how much of its mining wealth should be contributed to the government. Several states seceded from the Confederacy itself.

Choose all that are true! What is a Copperhead? Choose all that are true!

What is a Copperhead? Political opponent of Abraham Lincoln Southerner who favored peace with the North instead of victory in the war. Political opponent of Jefferson Davis Northerner who favored peace with the South instead of victory in the war. Person who helped runaway slaves escape through to the Union lines

What is a Copperhead? Political opponent of Abraham Lincoln Southerner who favored peace with the North instead of victory in the war. Political opponent of Jefferson Davis Northerner who favored peace with the South instead of victory in the war. Person who helped runaway slaves escape through to the Union lines

9. How did President Lincoln deal with Copperheads and war protests? He had many war protestors arrested. He tried to win them over to his viewpoint by using logic and persuasion. He suspended habeas corpus, which prevents the government from holding citizens without a trial. He exiled Copperheads and their families to the Confederacy. He ordered the execution of several leading Copperheads.

9. How did President Lincoln deal with Copperheads and war protests? He had many war protestors arrested. He tried to win them over to his viewpoint by using logic and persuasion. He suspended habeas corpus, which prevents the government from holding citizens without a trial. He exiled Copperheads and their families to the Confederacy. He ordered the execution of several leading Copperheads.

The Draft Laws As the war dragged on and more soldiers were needed, the government passed conscription laws that required men to serve in the military.

The Draft Laws Both sides allowed wealthy men to hire substitutes to serve in their place.

The Draft Laws Confederate conscription laws required all men between 18 and 45 to enlist, with few exceptions. But planters who owned 20 or more slaves could avoid service in the Confederate army. Poor Southerners complained that it was a “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”

The Draft Laws The Union government could afford to offer bounties to men who volunteered to serve, and fewer men needed to be drafted.

The Draft Laws Even so, the draft was extremely unpopular. New York City suffered four days of riots, during which rioters destroyed property, attacked people on the streets, and killed many African Americans.

Conscription is a law that required men to serve in the military. What is conscription? Conscription is a law that required men to serve in the military.

What is a bounty? A bounty is a cash payment given by a government to volunteers who enlisted.

10. How did the draft laws in the North and South differ? Only the North required all men between 18 and 45 to enlist, with few exceptions. Only the Confederacy allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve in their place. The North offered volunteers a bounty of $300, which led to more volunteers. The Union allowed very wealthy farmers to be exempt from military service.

10. How did the draft laws in the North and South differ? Only the North required all men between 18 and 45 to enlist, with few exceptions. Only the Confederacy allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve in their place. The North offered volunteers a bounty of $300, which led to more volunteers. The Union allowed very wealthy farmers to be exempt from military service.

Economic Effects of the War Food shortages were very common in the South, because so many farmers were away fighting in the army. Another reason for the shortages was that farmers insisted on planting cash crops like cotton instead of food crops. The Confederate army also seized food and other supplies for its own needs.

Economic Effects of the War Southern civilians rioted over food shortages in several Confederate cities, including Richmond, the capital and broke into shops and stole food and other goods. Inflation made life harder for working people, with prices rising 9,000 percent.

Slave resistance also affected the Southern economy

Economic Effects of the War Overall, war production boosted industry and fueled the Northern economy. In the long term, manufacturing would begin to replace farming as the basis of the national economy.

Economic Effects of the War Early in the war, the Union established the first income tax and began issuing a new paper currency, known as greenbacks.

Economic Effects of the War The income tax helped the Union to pay for the war.

Economic Effects of the War The new currency helped the Northern economy by ensuring that people had money to spend.

Why did the South experience food shortages? Too many farmers were away fighting in the army. Food was being sent to the front to feed the army. Farmers insisted on planting cash crops like cotton instead of food crops. Slaves that could have produced food were drafted into the Confederate army. Choose all that are true!

Why did the South experience food shortages? Too many farmers were away fighting in the army. Food was being sent to the front to feed the army. Farmers insisted on planting cash crops like cotton instead of food crops. Slaves that could have produced food were drafted into the Confederate army. Choose all that are true!

Why did the South experience food shortages? Too many farmers were away fighting in the army. Food was being sent to the front to feed the army. Farmers insisted on planting cash crops like cotton instead of food crops. Slaves that could have produced food were drafted into the Confederate army. Choose all that are true!

Why did the South experience food shortages? Too many farmers were away fighting in the army. Food was being sent to the front to feed the army. Farmers insisted on planting cash crops like cotton instead of food crops. Slaves that could have produced food were drafted into the Confederate army. Choose all that are true!

11. How did the war affect the economy in the South and the North? Slave resistance hurt the Southern economy. Food shortages caused by the war were common in the South. Inflation was much higher in the North than it was in the South. War production boosted Southern industry. Several Southern cities experienced food shortages, even riots. Choose all that are true!

11. How did the war affect the economy in the South and the North? Slave resistance hurt the Southern economy. Food shortages caused by the war were common in the South. Inflation was much higher in the North than it was in the South. War production boosted Southern industry. Several Southern cities experienced food shortages, even riots. Choose all that are true!

11. How did the war affect the economy in the South and the North? Slave resistance hurt the Southern economy. Food shortages caused by the war were common in the South. Inflation was much higher in the North than it was in the South. War production boosted Southern industry. Several Southern cities experienced food shortages, even riots. Choose all that are true!

11. How did the war affect the economy in the South and the North? Slave resistance hurt the Southern economy. Food shortages caused by the war were common in the South. Inflation was much higher in the North than it was in the South. War production boosted Southern industry. Several Southern cities experienced food shortages, even riots. Choose all that are true!

Resistance by Slaves With so many Southern men off to war, slaves often resisted by slowing their pace of work or stopping altogether.

Acts of sabotage against crops and farm equipment were very common. Resistance by Slaves Acts of sabotage against crops and farm equipment were very common.

A few slaves even rose up in rebellion against their owners. Resistance by Slaves A few slaves even rose up in rebellion against their owners.

Resistance by Slaves More commonly, though, slaves ran away from plantations to join the Union forces as they pushed farther into Confederate territory.

Resistance by Slaves After Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, even more slaves ran away from plantations, with as many as half a million having fled to Union lines by the end of the war.

Why did slave resistance grow as the war progressed? Slaves sometimes found soldiers’ discarded weapons to use. More Southern men were away fighting, and their wives couldn’t control the slaves. As Union troops drew nearer, slaves grew bold enough to resist. Confederate soldiers were removed from patrolling the plantations and sent to the front. As food supplies dwindled, hungry slaves were less willing to submit to their masters. Choose all that are true!

Why did slave resistance grow as the war progressed? Slaves sometimes found soldiers’ discarded weapons to use. More Southern men were away fighting, and their wives couldn’t control the slaves. As Union troops drew nearer, slaves grew bold enough to resist. Confederate soldiers were removed from patrolling the plantations and sent to the front. As food supplies dwindled, hungry slaves were less willing to submit to their masters. Choose all that are true!

Why did slave resistance grow as the war progressed? Slaves sometimes found soldiers’ discarded weapons to use. More Southern men were away fighting, and their wives couldn’t control the slaves. As Union troops drew nearer, slaves grew bold enough to resist. Confederate soldiers were removed from patrolling the plantations and sent to the front. As food supplies dwindled, hungry slaves were less willing to submit to their masters. Choose all that are true!

What was the least common form of slave resistance? Slowing down or stopping work Breaking tools and farm equipment Destroying crops Rising up against their masters Running away to the Union army

What was the least common form of slave resistance? Slowing down or stopping work Breaking tools and farm equipment Destroying crops Rising up against their masters Running away to the Union army

Lesson 17.2b –Women and Prisoners of War Today we will describe how women aided the war effort and discuss the conditions endured by prisoners of war.

Vocabulary counterpart – someone doing as you do, but on the other team or side exposure – effects of being without protection from the weather dwarfed – made to seem small by comparison

What We Already Know Thousands of men, North and South, left their farms and offices to serve in the armed forces.

What We Already Know In the North, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation led tens of thousands of African Americans to join the Union army.

Before the Civil War, few women worked outside their homes. What We Already Know Before the Civil War, few women worked outside their homes.

Women Aid the War Effort Read aloud with me! With so many men away at war, women in both the North and the South assumed increased responsibilities.

Women Aid the War Effort Women plowed fields and ran farms and plantations. Read aloud with me!

Women Aid the War Effort They also took over jobs in offices and factories that had previously been done only by men.

Women Aid the War Effort Other social changes came about because of the thousands of women who served on the front lines as volunteer workers and nurses.

Women Aid the War Effort Relief agencies put women to work washing clothes, gathering supplies, and cooking food for soldiers.

Women Aid the War Effort Battlefield nursing, which was once done only by men, became a respectable profession for many women during the Civil War.

Women Aid the War Effort Read aloud with me! Women also played a key role as spies in both the North and the South.

12. What new roles were taken on by women during the Civil War? Nursing Holding positions in the government Cooking and laundering for soldiers Working on farms and plantations Working in offices and factories Spying for the government Choose the one that is NOT true!

12. What new roles were taken on by women during the Civil War? Nursing Holding positions in the government Cooking and laundering for soldiers Working on farms and plantations Working in offices and factories Spying for the government Choose the one that is NOT true!

Women Aid the War Effort Before the Civil War, most military nurses were men, like the poet Walt Whitman.

Women Aid the War Effort By the end of the war, around 3,000 nurses had worked under the leadership of Dorothea Dix in Union hospitals.

Women Aid the War Effort Trained as a schoolteacher, Clara Barton was working for the government when the Civil War began. She organized a relief agency to help with the war effort. “While our soldiers stand and fight,” she said, “I can stand and feed and nurse them.” She also made food for soldiers in camp and tended to the wounded and dying on the battlefield.

Women Aid the War Effort At Antietam, she held a doctor’s operating table steady as cannon shells burst all around them. The doctor called her “the angel of the battlefield.” After the war, Barton founded the American Red Cross.

Women Aid the War Effort Mary Ann Bickerdyke was a widow who made herbal medicine before the war. Her study of natural medicine, which stressed the benefits of clean water and cleanliness, is credited with saving more lives than all the army physicians. Bickerdyke volunteered to clean tents, set up field kitchens and operate army laundries. She brewed hot soups and prepared nutritious meals in field kitchens.

Women Aid the War Effort Known simply as “Mother” Bickerdyke, she followed the Union army and established more than 300 field hospitals to assist sick and wounded soldiers. During battles, “Mother” Bickerdyke commonly risked her own life by searching for wounded soldiers on the battlefield.

Women Aid the War Effort Susie King Taylor was an African-American woman who wrote an account of her experiences as a volunteer with an African-American regiment. Married to a Negro soldier, she moved with her husband's regiment, serving as nurse and laundress, and teaching many of the black soldiers to read and write during their off-duty hours.

Women Aid the War Effort Read aloud with me! Like their Northern counterparts, Southern women were also active as nurses and as volunteers on the front.

Which of the following women did NOT serve as a Civil War nurse? Clara Barton Sarah Rosetta Wakeman Mary Ann Bickerdyce Susie King Taylor

Which of the following women did NOT serve as a Civil War nurse? Clara Barton Sarah Rosetta Wakeman Mary Ann Bickerdyce Susie King Taylor

What did Clara Barton do after the war? Helped to found the American Red Cross Organized the World Health Organization Became a wealthy businesswoman Was appointed Surgeon General by the president

What did Clara Barton do after the war? Helped to found the American Red Cross Organized the World Health Organization Became a wealthy businesswoman Was appointed Surgeon General by the president

Women Aid the War Effort Women also played a key role as spies in both the North and the South.

Women Aid the War Effort Harriet Tubman served as a spy for Union forces along the coast of South Carolina. Read aloud with me!

Women Aid the War Effort The most famous Confed–erate spy was Belle Boyd. Although she was arrested six times, she continued her work through much of the war. After the war, Boyd became an actress in England, but in 1869, she returned to the United States and began touring the country giving dramatic lectures about her life as a Civil War spy.

Women Aid the War Effort A popular Washington widow and hostess when the Civil War began, Rose Greenhow used her feminine charms to pass along to Confederate officials information on the defenses of Washington and Union troop movements.

Women Aid the War Effort She is credited with providing General P.G.T. Beauregard with information resulting in the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861.

Women Aid the War Effort Both the Union and Confed–erate armies rejected the enlistment of women. Women who wanted to serve in the army disguised themselves as men and assumed masculine names. Because many of them successfully passed as men, it is impossible to know with any certainty how many women served in the Civil War.

Women Aid the War Effort But at least 135 women soldiers are known to have fought in the Civil War disguised as men, although estimates believe the figure to be closer to 400. Of these brave women fighting on both sides of the line was one named Sarah Rosetta Wakeman.

Women Aid the War Effort Wakeman served from April 1862 and fought in the Battle of Pleasant Hill in April 1864. She died from dysentery on later that year. Her true gender was not known until Wakeman's many letters home were discovered many years later by a relative.

Women Aid the War Effort Read aloud with me! In some areas of the country, women formed Home Guards in order to protect the home front while the men and boys were gone.

Women Aid the War Effort Some of these groups consisted only of teenagers and young women, who practiced and drilled and made their own uniforms to look like those worn by male soldiers.

Which of the following women did NOT serve as a Civil War spy? Harriet Tubman Belle Boyd Mary Ann Bickerdyce Rose Greenhow

Which of the following women did NOT serve as a Civil War spy? Harriet Tubman Belle Boyd Mary Ann Bickerdyce Rose Greenhow

Civil War Prison Camps Women caught spying were thrown into jail, but soldiers captured in battle suffered far more.

Civil War Prison Camps At prison camps in both the North and the South, prisoners of war faced terrible conditions.

Civil War Prison Camps One of the worst prison camps in the North was in Elmira, New York. In just one year, more than 24 percent of Elmira’s 12,121 prisoners died of sickness and exposure to severe weather. 99

Civil War Prison Camps Conditions were also horrible in the South. The camp with the worst reputation was at Andersonville, Georgia. Built to hold 10,000 prisoners, at one point it housed 33,000. A staggering 13,700 men died within thirteen (13) months at Andersonville.

Civil War Prison Camps Inmates had little shelter from the weather. Most slept in holes scratched in the dirt. Drinking water came from one tiny creek that also served as a sewer.

Civil War Prison Camps Read aloud with me! As many as 100 men per day died at Andersonville from starvation, disease, and exposure.

Civil War Prison Camps People who saw the camps were shocked by the condition of the soldiers, comparing them to mummified corpses.

Civil War Prison Camps Around 50,000 men died in Civil War prison camps. But this number was dwarfed by the number of dead on the battlefronts and even more from disease in army camps.

What were two of the nation’s worst Civil War prison camps? Bradenton, Maryland Elmira, New York Andersonville, Georgia Paducah, Kentucky Evansville, Indiana Be sure to choose TWO!

What were two of the nation’s worst Civil War prison camps? Bradenton, Maryland Elmira, New York Andersonville, Georgia Paducah, Kentucky Evansville, Indiana Be sure to choose TWO!

13. Why did so many soldiers suffer and die behind enemy lines in places like Andersonville, Georgia and Elmira, New York? They were army headquarters, and as such were targets for spies. They were sites of early battles in which black troops led the attack. They were in Prisoner–Of–War (POW) camps, where soldiers suffered constantly from disease and much starvation. They were part of Lee's second invasion of the North.

13. Why did so many soldiers suffer and die behind enemy lines in places like Andersonville, Georgia and Elmira, New York? They were army headquarters, and as such were targets for spies. They were sites of early battles in which black troops led the attack. They were in Prisoner–Of–War (POW) camps, where soldiers suffered constantly from disease and much starvation. They were part of Lee's second invasion of the North.

Do NOT answer the Definitions BELOW!

(Copy the following 17.2 Class Notes chart on Portfolio p104) disunity in the South – skip two lines Copperheads – skip one line Lincoln’s response to Copperheads – skip two lines Confederacy’s conscription policy – skip two lines Union’s conscription policy – skip two lines bounty – skip one line New York draft riots – skip one line food shortages – skip one line inflation – skip one line impact of the war on the Union economy – skip two lines examples of slave resistance –skip two lines effects of the Emancipation Proclamation –

(Copy the following 17.2 Class Notes chart on Portfolio p) New war-time roles for women – Clara Barton – Mary Ann Bickerdyce – Susie King Taylor – Harriet Tubman – Belle Boyd – Rose Greenhow – Sarah Rosetta Wakeman – Andersonville, Georgia – Elmira, New York – Causes of death for prisoners of war – Skip two blank lines between each one!