Improving management of chronic venous disorders: Exploration, description, and understanding—parallels in the worlds of the Renaissance and the American Venous Forum  Frank Thomas Padberg, MD  Journal of Vascular Surgery  Volume 41, Issue 2, Pages 355-365 (February 2005) DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.11.017 Copyright © 2005 The Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 The American Venous Forum, founded in 1988, provides a platform for the exchange of clinical and basic research for the worldwide community of physicians and surgeons interested in the management of venous diseases. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005 41, 355-365DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2004.11.017) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Mid-15th century: the world as known to Europeans was little changed from that described by Ptolemy in the second century, but now the information was widely disseminated as a result of the printing press. Ptolemaic world-view, Sebastian Münster, Geographia Universalis, Basle. Private Collection. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005 41, 355-365DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2004.11.017) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 A, 1543—the height of the renaissance. The vein figure is attributed to the author himself; Andreas Vesalius, Book III, De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Basle. Private Collection. B, Die Nüw Welt (The New World) is a contemporary illustration of the two newly discovered continents; S Münster, Geographia Universalis, Basle. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005 41, 355-365DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2004.11.017) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 A, 1587—the close of the 16th century. H Fabricius initially described the structure of venous valves De Venarum Ostiolis (On the Valves of the Veins) in 1587. From Franklin KJ. Facsimile edition with introduction, translation, and notes of De Venarum Ostioli (On the Valves of the Veins) 1603 of Heironymus Fabricius of Aquapendente. Springfield (IL): Chas C. Thomas; 1933. Reprinted with permission. B, The contemporary double-hemisphere world map is a reduced version of the original published by Gerhard and Rumold Mercator in The Atlas, Geneva, 1587 (G. A. Magini, MD, Venice, 1596). Private Collection. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005 41, 355-365DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2004.11.017) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 A, 1628: along with other observations, the control of venous flow by valves leads to the concept of a circulation of the blood. William Harvey, De Motu Cordis, Frankfort. From Harvey W. Exercitatio Anatomica De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals), Frankfort, 1628. A modern English translation with reproductions from the 1928 Tercentenial Edition as presented by Chauncey D. Leake. 2nd ed. Springfield (IL): Chas C. Thomas; 1930. Reprinted with permission. B, A contemporaneous world-view reflects permanent colonization of the new world and perpetuates cartographic misconceptions. Speed, A Prospect of the most Famous Parts of the World, London, 1626. Private Collection. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005 41, 355-365DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2004.11.017) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions