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Chapter 17, Figure 17.1 Bonding in a carbonyl group. The  bond is formed by side-to-side overlap of a p orbital of carbon with a p orbital of oxygen.

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Chapter 17, Figure 17.2 Reaction coordinate diagrams for nucleophilic addition–elimination reactions with nucleophiles of varying basicity. (TI is the tetrahedral intermediate): (a) The nucleophile is a weaker base than the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant. (b) The nucleophile is a stronger base than the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant. (c) The nucleophile and the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant have similar basicities.

Chapter 17, Figure 17.2A Reaction coordinate diagrams for nucleophilic addition–elimination reactions with nucleophiles of varying basicity. (TI is the tetrahedral intermediate): (a) The nucleophile is a weaker base than the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant. (b) The nucleophile is a stronger base than the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant. (c) The nucleophile and the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant have similar basicities.

Chapter 17, Figure 17.2B Reaction coordinate diagrams for nucleophilic addition–elimination reactions with nucleophiles of varying basicity. (TI is the tetrahedral intermediate): (a) The nucleophile is a weaker base than the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant. (b) The nucleophile is a stronger base than the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant. (c) The nucleophile and the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant have similar basicities.

Chapter 17, Figure 17.2C Reaction coordinate diagrams for nucleophilic addition–elimination reactions with nucleophiles of varying basicity. (TI is the tetrahedral intermediate): (a) The nucleophile is a weaker base than the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant. (b) The nucleophile is a stronger base than the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant. (c) The nucleophile and the group attached to the acyl group in the reactant have similar basicities.

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Chapter 17, Figure 17.4 In aqueous solution, soap forms micelles. The polar heads (carboxylate groups) of the soap molecules form the micelle’s outer surface; the nonpolar tails (fatty acid R groups) extend into the micelle’s interior.

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